Job Description

• Processing payment and prepare cheque
• Supporting Accountant in data entry and information gather for reports purpose
• Record financial transactions, including accounts payable, accounts receivable, and general ledger entries
• Process and verify invoices, match them with purchase orders and delivery receipts, and ensure timely payment to vendors
• Assist in preparing financial reports, including balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and cash flow statements
• Review and process employee expense reports, ensuring adherence to company policies and verifying supporting documentation
• A/R, A/P transactions
• Any other ad-hoc work instructed by superior for account related matters

Requirements

• Min Diploma in Accountancy
• Accounting knowledge is necessary
• AT least 1-year experience
• Proficiency in using accounting software and Microsoft Office applications
• Strong attention to detail and accuracy in data entry and financial records
• Excellent organizational and time management skills
• Ability to work collaboratively in a team environment
• Basic understanding of financial regulations and compliance

The primary duties and responsibilities of an Accounting Assistant include:

• Processing both accounts payable and receivable transactions
• Managing invoices and tax payments
• Assisting in the preparation of budgets and financial reports
• Tracking and reconciling bank statements
• Organizing financial data into useable information and maintain updated records
• Assist with audits and year-end financial reporting
• Processing payroll and maintaining employee records
• Communicating with vendors, clients, and internal departments to resolve any financial discrepancies
• Performing administrative tasks such as data entry, word processing, and filing
• Ensuring compliance with all internal procedures and regulatory requirements

• Collaborative workplace
• Opportunity for professional development

About Our Client

Headquartered in Singapore, my client is a global manufacturer of building materials with production facilities in China, Thailand, and Canada. They offer a competitive and rewarding work environment with opportunities for professional growth.

Job Description

• Manage trade-related financial transactions
• Prepare monthly, quarterly, and annual financial reports
• Process accounts receivable and payable transactions
• Assist in preparing commercial invoices, packing lists, and other necessary documents
• Support the preparation and analysis of financial statements
• Coordinate with auditors during financial audits
• Utilise accounting software like SAGE 300 for financial reporting and analysis
• Ensure compliance with relevant accounting and financial regulations
• Other ad-hoc task assigned

The Successful Applicant

• Degree in Accounting or Finance
• Proficient in Microsoft Office
• No experience required

What's on Offer

• Professional learning and growth opportunities
• Permanent role
• Competitive remuneration package

Contact

Audrey Ang (Lic No:R22111098/ EA no: 18C9065)

Quote job ref

JN-112024-6585530

Phone number

+65 6541 9940

Page Personnel Recruitment Pte. Ltd.| Registration No. 201736642C

• Record and process daily financial transactions, including invoices, payments, and receipts.
• Manage accounts payable and receivable, ensuring timely settlements.
• Reconcile bank statements, credit card transactions, and general ledger accounts.
• Investigate and resolve discrepancies in financial records.
• Assist in preparing financial statements, including profit and loss accounts, balance sheets, and cash flow reports.
• Support month-end and year-end financial close processes.
• Assist in preparing GST submissions and ensuring compliance with tax regulations.
• Provide documentation and support during internal and external audits.
• Manage correspondence, emails, and communication related to accounts and administrative matters.
• Maintain an organized filing system for financial and administrative documents.
• Input and update financial data in accounting software and databases.
• Keep accurate and up-to-date employee, vendor, and client records.
• Support the finance and administrative teams with ad-hoc tasks and special projects.
• Provide backup support for other team members during peak periods or absences.
• Liaise with vendors, clients, and internal teams to resolve queries and follow up on payments.
• Ensure prompt responses to payment-related inquiries.

Assist the sales team with administrative tasks.

Handle incoming calls, emails, and correspondence.

Knowledge in Bookkeeping

Prepare account reports, Payment Voucher, Claims and Invoices

To monitor and prepare monthly reports of AP/AR and Bank Statements

To submit quarterly GST report and URA (if needed)

To provide direct administrative support to interior designers.

Assist Interior Designer to prepare quotation for clients.

Input of data for materials / equipment etc.

To coordinate with Subcontractors and team

Purchasing, Filing and scanning

Other ad-hoc duties as assigned

Job Responsibilities

· Handle half sets of accounts (eg; AP/AR)

· Ensure timely recording of creditors invoices and payment transactions and chasing external tenants for billings and Cheque

· Keying daily and monthly sales report

· Maintain proper filing and documentation of records

· Involved in cashflow calculation and preparation

· Assist in performing weekly/monthly bank reconciliations

· Assisting with administrative support

Job Requirement

· At least a Diploma in Accounting/Finance or related fields

· preferably 1 year of working experience

· Team player

· Good interpersonal skills, able to communicate effectively

Job Description

We are seeking an experienced and dynamic Accounts Manager to join our team. The successful candidate will lead a huge team of 15-20 Account Executives and Senior Account Executives in a fast-paced and award-winning corporate services firm.

Key Responsibilities:

• Manage the overall workflow and performance of the accounting team
• Review and finalize financial statements, including profit and loss, balance sheet, and cash flow statements
• Ensure timely filing of taxes, regulatory submissions, and financial statements
• Act as a key point of contact for client communications, providing exceptional service and resolving any issues or inquiries
• Mentor and develop team members, ensuring high performance and growth
• Ensure compliance with all accounting standards and company policies
• Liaise with auditors, tax agents, and other external parties

Work Schedule:

• 9 am to 6 pm, Mondays to Fridays
• Flexi Work Arrangement: Work from home possible, subject to performance and efficiency

Incentives & Benefits:

• Up to 2 months variable bonus based on performance
• Company retreats and team-building activities
• Entertainment, pantry, transport, and meal allowance
• Medical and dental benefits
• 5 days’ work week in a collaborative and supportive environment

About Us: With hundreds of 5-star Google reviews, we are the country's top-reviewed corporate service provider, earning prestigious awards and also nominated as one of the Top 10 Best Singapore Companies to Work for by Asia Business Outlook.

This is a fantastic opportunity for someone with a passion for accounting, leadership, and providing outstanding client service. Apply now to join our award-winning team!

• Preparing reports: Accounting assistants prepare financial statements, budgets, and other reports.
• Bank reconciliations: Accounts assistants reconcile accounts and expenditures.
• Handling communication with clients: Accounting assistants communicate with clients and vendors about billing and payments. They follow up on money owed and answer questions about bills.
• Payroll: Accounting assistants track hours, calculate deductions, and manage funds withheld for taxes.
• Processing invoices and payments: Accounting assistants prepare and process invoices and payments.
• Assisting in audits: Accounting assistants may assist with audits.
• Maintaining financial records: Accounting assistants maintain financial records and update procedural documentation.
• Working with spreadsheets: Accounting assistants work with spreadsheets, sales and purchase ledgers, and journals.
• Recording and filing cash transactions: Accounting assistants record and file cash transactions.
• Controlling credit and chasing debt: Accounting assistants control credit and chase debt.
• Liaising with third party providers, clients, and suppliers: Accounting assistants liaise with third party
• Handle partial sets of accounts, including Accounts Payable (AP) and Accounts Receivable (AR).
• Ensure timely recording of creditor invoices and payment transactions and follow up with billings and cheque collections.
• Input daily and monthly sales reports.
• Accounting Assiatant need to submit CPF constributions.
• Retrieve and resend invoices, credit notes, and statements of accounts.
• Participate in cash flow calculations and preparation.
• Accounting Assiatant need to follow up company auditor.
• Perform weekly and monthly bank reconciliations.
• Provide administrative support as required.
• Accounting Assiatant assist prepare GST fillings and records.
• Maintain Project Quotation, PO, WO, LOA Signed documents.
• providers, clients, and suppliers.
• Suppliers Agreements prepare and keep records
• Accounting Assistant need to prepare Monthly Invoice for Suppliers
• Maintain Workers Loan List
• OED Survey Need to submit.
• Accounting Assistant need to handle Small Claims Follow-Up Details.
• Checking and responding to emails on daily basis to get updated on the work
• Being consistent, accurate, and great in minimizing errors
• Support audit and tax queries
• Liaise with banks on banking transactions

Responsible to handle a portfolio of clients and provide payroll and a full suite of accounting services to clients in different industries.

Duties & Responsibilities

• Proficient understanding of Singapore Financial reporting Standards (SFRS), Singapore payroll compliance and Singapore Goods and Services Tax (“GST”) regulations
• Manage several portfolios of different complexities and from various industries
• Liaison with clients’ stakeholders, statutory service providers such as auditors, tax agents and/or other external parties on matters related to your work scope
• Ensure accuracy, due care, project management and timely delivery when providing the following services as stated in the respective Letter of Engagement with clients:

1. Setup of computerized accounting system and Chart of Accounts (“COA”);

2. Preparation of monthly/quarterly/half-yearly/yearly management statements;

3. Liaison with auditors for the finalization of year end audited accounts,

4. Filing of GST Application;

5. Preparation & Filing of quarterly GST returns;

6. Preparation of Unaudited financial statements;

7. Preparation of financial statements in XBRL format;

8. Provision of accounting administrative services;

9. Preparation of payroll services;

Others

• Manage billings and collections
• Fulfil any other duties as and when assigned by the seniors, managers and director

Job Holder’s Specifications

• Possess a Diploma/Degree in Accountancy or qualifications in professional accounting
• Has at least 1-2 years of relevant experience in an accounting firm, preferably in an outsourcing services environment
• Possess good business sense and ability to relate well with clients
• Able to multi-task and work under pressure to meet specific timelines
• Possess good communication and excellent interpersonal skills
• Must be proactive, analytical, committed and take ownership
• Possess the interest to learn/upgrade to new skills/technologies
• Accounting software hands-on knowledge will be an added advantages

Highlighted points:

• MNC
• AWS + Performance Bonus
• 5 days’ work week
• Near MRT

Job description:

• Helping partial set of accounts, accounts payable & accounts receivables & general ledger.
• Verifying and processing of local / overseas payments & staff expenses.
• Assisting in quarterly GST reporting, year-end stock take and audit.
• Maintaining of filing system and running banking errands.
• Handling of general administrative duties such as collection of mails, procurement & maintenance of office supplies.
• Experience in accounting related duties

Interested candidates please apply online or send your latest CV to [email protected]

Kindly note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

AlwaysHired Pte Ltd

Reg No: R1441412

EA: 24C2293

We regret to inform that only shortlisted candidates will be notified. Please note that your response to this advertisement will constitute informed consent to the collection, use, and/or disclosure of personal data by AlwaysHired, its affiliates and, where necessary, to relevant third parties, for purposes such as job application processing, career advisory, research, and other administrative purposes, in compliance with the relevant provisions of the Privacy Policy available at www.alwayshired.com.sg/privacy-policy.

The job and duties of the Accounts Clerk is as follows :

1. Keeping financial records updated
2. Preparing reports
3. Reconciling bank statements
4. Running accounting software programs
5. Handling communications with vendors and clients
6. Assisting with inventory and database maintenance
7. Issuing checks and making deposits
8. Ensuring smooth office operation

Job Description

• Handle full spectrum of Accounts Payable
• Data entry and processing of vendor invoices and staff claim
• Checking, matching and verifying invoices
• Liaise with suppliers and vendors and various internal department
• Issuing cheque and payment to vendors
• Hand on person with eye for details
• Assist in month end closing
• Manage and ensure timeliness of payment process
• Other ad hoc duties when required

Requirements

• Candidate must possess at least diploma/advanced/higher/graduate in Finance/Accountancy/Banking or equivalent
• At least 3 years of working experience in the related field is required for this position
• Hardworking and can work under pressure
• Good attitude and interpersonal skills
• Responsible and flexible to handle variety of duties
• Familiar with Synergix software

JOB DESCRIPTION

• You shall be responsible for updating the full set of accounts , preparing the quarterly GST report and GST returns, and drafting the compilation of statutory financial statements, for a portfolio of clients.

JOB REQUIREMENTS

• Diploma or degree in accountancy or equivalent qualifications;
• Should have a minimum of 1 years experience in doing full set of accounts & handling GST work;
• Possess good communication & organisation skills; and be able to work independently;
• Strong analytical skills, resourceful & have good initiatives;
• Some working experience in a CPA firm wold be advantageous.

Monitoring of Project

Generate weekly (WIP) Work-in-progress report to reflect revenue, COGS, labour costs and other operating expenses to derive the profitability of the week.
Ensure timely and justifiable certification of payment are provided by Clients.
Keep track of progress claim status and Accounts Receivable.

Finalization of Project

Generate report to reflect the statistics of man-hours/ COGS/ operating expenses and update to system for future reference.
Finalize payment and keep track of retention amount and time frame.
Final settlement of payment and record project reference into “Completed projects”.

Administrative Duties/ Others

Generating of invoices, payment vouchers and other related documents.
Ensure neat and tidy book keeping.
Assist with issuance of wages to workers and breaking down into the appropriate monetary denominations.
Fulfil any other ad-hoc duties as and when assigned by Superior/ Management.
Reimbursement to employees / Petty cash.
Generate weekly reports for Management review. (Progress Claim status, WIP and Accounts Receivable)
Handle GST quarterly report and filing, Form C-S/C submission.
Liaise with auditors for statutory reporting and compliance.

Roles & Responsibilities

Job Descriptions:

• Data Entry & Record Keeping: Maintaining accurate financial record and inputting transactions into accounting systems.
• Invoicing & Billing: Preparing and sending invoices, managing accounts payable and receivable, and ensuring timely payments.
• Reconciliation: Assisting with the reconciliation of bank statements, legders, and accounts.
• Financial Reporting: Supporting the preparation of financial statements, reports, and assisting with month-end and year-end closing.
• Payroll & Compliance: Assisting in payroll processing, tax fillings, and ensuring compliance with company policies and accounting standards.
• Admisitrative Support: Handling correspondence, filling , and other clerical duties.

Requirements:

• Minimum of 2 years of experiences in relevent field
• Profession of Diploma/Degree in Account or equivalent
• Knowledge in MYOB systems
• Advanced Excel skills and profiicency in MS applications
• Able to workin independtly, a team player and work under pressure to meet deadlines.
• Detailed and meticulous.

Responsibilities:

• Manage a partial set of accounts, including Accounts Payable (AP), Accounts Receivable (AR), and General Ledger (GL), while handling day-to-day accounting operations such as invoicing, payment preparation, monitoring accounts receivable collections, intercompany transactions, and bank reconciliations.
• Process employee claims in compliance with the company’s policies and approval matrix.
• Handles month-end and year-end closing activities, including the preparation of accounting schedules, account reconciliations, timely provisions for monthly expenditures, fixed assets management, accruals, and financial statement preparation.
• Handle cash management and treasury matters, including the preparation of weekly cash flow forecasts.
• Assist in monthly and quarterly reporting to the Group.
• Support the annual audit process by preparing audit schedules and providing necessary documentation.
• Ensure compliance with all finance-related filing requirements, audits, and tax filings, such as GST and CIT.
• Perform additional duties as assigned by the Superior and/or Management.

Requirements:

• Diploma/Degree in Accountancy, or equivalent professional qualifications.
• 1-2 years of relevant experience
• Self-motivated, well-organized, and results-driven, with a proactive approach to tasks.
• Strong communication and interpersonal skills to collaborate effectively with team members and stakeholders.
• Skilled in hands-on tasks with exceptional organizational abilities, attention to detail, and a proven capability to meet tight reporting deadlines.
• Proficiency in Microsoft Excel and Word is essential.
• Familiarity with accounting software is highly desirable.
• Prior experience working in multinational corporations (MNCs) is preferred.
• Experience in Japanese companies will be considered an advantage.

Interested candidate can send your resume to [email protected]. Please note that only selected candidate will be contacted.

Requirements:

• Degree / Diploma in Accounting or equivalent with 3 to 5 years of working experience in construction industry
• Able to work independently
• Perform other ad-hoc assignments that are assigned by the management
• Good interpersonal & communication skills
• Basic knowledge of GST rules and regulations
• Proficient in Microsoft office as Excel and Word
• Proficient in Accounting Software such as MYOB, Quickbook
• Able to commence work immediately or within short notice

Job Description:

• Handle a full set of accounts for the company.
• Managing the financial position of the company and directly reporting to the senior management.
• Prepare reconciliation for bank balances payables, inter-company balances etc.
• Prepare cash flow reports for management review.
• Manage cash flow and payment.
• Maintenance of capital budgeting on corporate level and engaging in daily/weekly capital budgeting meetings with senior management.
• Manage day to day accounting, invoicing, payroll, cash management and internal financial reporting.
• Review all invoices and make the relevant payments in a timely manner to relevant suppliers. Follow-up with customers for payments due.
• Manage cash flow and monitor AP/AR.
• Manage monthly payroll processing.
• Handle petty cash.
• Reporting for GST and ensure tax compliance.
• Preparation of audit schedules and reporting.

Roles & Responsibilities

• Manage the preparation of accurate monthly, quarterly, and annual financial statements, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow reports, tailored to the F&B business.
• Conduct financial analysis to compare actual performance against budgeted figures, analyzing variances, and providing insights into cost management, sales performance, and profitability.
• Provide management with financial reports and key performance indicators (KPIs) to assist in decision-making, strategic planning, and operational improvements.
• Oversee the calculation and management of food and beverage costs, ensuring efficient inventory management, proper valuation, and control of waste or spoilage.
• Monitor payroll expenses, overtime, and staffing levels in relation to revenue, and ensure that labor costs are optimized to align with sales projections.
• Provide accurate financial forecasts, adjusting for any changes in operations or market conditions, and ensure that forecasts are aligned with the company’s goals and objectives.
• Ensure that the company complies with Singapore's Goods and Services Tax (GST) regulations, preparing GST returns and managing tax filings on time.
• Work with external auditors to facilitate the annual audit process, ensuring compliance with both local regulations and international accounting standards.
• Manage and maintain accounting software
• Work closely with operations, purchasing, and sales teams to ensure smooth financial processes and provide financial insights to improve operational performance.
• Any ad-hoc duties as assigned.

The Firm is looking for an experienced Accounts Assistant to join our firm. The candidate will mainly perform Accounts Payable duties and portion of Accounts Receivable functions.

The job description includes but is not limited to the following: -

· Review and process payment vouchers and claims.

· Prepare payment to internal and external parties in a timely manner for client’s accounts, and office accounts and ensure it is according to the relevant regulations and procedures.

· Ensure the transactions are accurately keyed in accounting system.

· Liaise with external vendors on invoices and handle discrepancies.

· Monthly payment and expenses reconciliation.

· Update and maintain digital and physical procedural documentation.

· Assist in preparing monthly financial reports

· Participate in the firm’s annual financial audit.

· Undertake other ad-hoc duties as assigned.

Requirements:

· Minimum 2 years of relevant working experience preferred but not a must.

· Diploma in Finance, Accounting or relevant field.

Responsibilities:

• Maintain the debtor aging report and follow up with customers for payment.
• Manage the receipts portion of bank accounts.
• Maintain the Inventory Report (Chemicals).

- Check store withdrawals and store receipts keyed in by the storeman.

- Ensure the storeman verifies that physical balances match book balances.

- Match supplier invoices with Delivery Orders (DO), Requisition Orders (RQ), and Purchase Orders (PO); code and key them into ACCPAC.

• Process payments to selected suppliers.
• Prepare bank reconciliations.

Requirements:

• Minimum GCE O Level or a relevant accounting qualification.
• At least 3 years of experience in an accounting department.
• Familiarity with ACCPAC accounting software.
• Proficiency in Microsoft Office applications, such as Excel and Word.
• Must be able to start work immediately or with short notice.

Key Responsibilities:

• Handle day-to-day accounting operations, including data entry and processing invoices
• Assist in accounts payable (AP) and accounts receivable (AR) functions
• Support the preparation of monthly financial reports
• Assist in the processing of employee claims and expenses
• Maintain proper filing of accounting documents and records
• Reconcile bank statements and perform necessary financial reconciliations
• Provide support during audits and ensure compliance with accounting standards

Requirements:

• Diploma in Accounting, Finance, or related field
• 1-2 years of experience in an accounting or finance role (experience in retail or jewellery industry is a plus)
• Proficient in MS Office (Excel, Word) and accounting software
• Good communication skills and a positive attitude
• Able to work independently and as part of a team

What We Offer:

• Competitive salary and benefits package
• A dynamic and supportive work environment
• Opportunities for career growth and professional development

Accounts Assistants
Across Singapore

Responsibilities:

• Handle partial sets of accounts which includes account payable / receivable / general ledger
• Prepare & Reconcile monthly AR aging reports, Weekly banks Reconciliation
• Inter-company & overseas billing
• To prepare payment voucher and, cheques
• Data entries into accounting system
• Assist in month end closing and daily ad hoc duties
• Assist to prepare monthly schedules
• Assist to prepare audit schedule
• Assist to prepare Fixed Assets Schedules
• Assist to prepare quarterly GST return
• Other task that assigned by superior

Requirements:

• Fresh graduates with diploma in accountancy or LCCI equivalent
• Some admin experience
• Proficient in MS Office and/or Accpac window version
• Teachable and meticulous
• Able to start work with short notice
• 5 days working week 8.30am-5.30pm daily
• Singapore PR & foreigners may apply
• Shuttle picks up at Yew Tee MRT at 8.10am

About Chambers International

Established in 1980, Chambers International, has built a strong presence in Singapore as a reputable group of companies providing a comprehensive range of professional real estate consultancy services, including integrated facilities management and strata title management.

We're Hiring!

The ideal candidate should have excellent organizational and time management skills, as well as strong attention to detail. Good knowledge in computer skills and previous experience in data entry/administrative role is preferred. If you are a proactive and reliable individual with a positive attitude and a willingness to learn, we welcome you to join our team.

Responsibilities:

• Manage full sets of accounts
• Prepare the monthly financial reports on timely
• Liaise with auditors for yearly audits for audit or tax purposes.
• Prepare and submit quarterly GST return.
• Provide general administration support
• Other Ad hoc duties as assigned

Requirements:

• Diploma in Accounting or equivalent
• Minimum 1-2 years accounting experience
• Proficient in computer skill such MS Office
• Relevant experience in the residential development or service industry
• Possess fluent communication and interpersonal skills
• Meticulous, organised and detail-oriented
• Hardworking and responsible team player
• Able to work in a fast-paced environment and manage multiple tasks at one time

Interested applicants please indicate the details in your resume:

• Notice period/Intended start date
• Last drawn and/or current salary
• Expected salary
• Reasons for leaving current and/or last employment
• Position applied for in the email

We regret that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

Other Information:

This position involves multiple workplace locations in Singapore.

1) Keying of all accounting data into IFS including transferring of data (Sales and Purchase invoice) from Just system into IFS (if have experience in IFS accounting software would be good)

2) Bank reconciliation, revaluation of AR/AP and bank and update monthly consolidation cashbook

3) Experience in AR/ AP and prompt closing of monthly accounts and preparation of journal voucher to submit for review

4) Maintaining of monthly closing schedule

5) Preparation of sales margin report

6) Preparation of all AP payment (USD/ SGD/ Euro)

7) Prepare AR and AP report and send SOA

8) Preparing of Debit and Credit note

9) Sending of declaration to bank

10) Support in the audit and sending AR ad AP balance confirmation to supplier and customer

11) Prepare quarterly GST to submit for review

Job Descriptions

• Process suppliers’ invoices and payments including staff claims.
• Responsible for day-to-day accounts duties including cash management.
• Daily updates of journal entries into accounting system.
• Perform reconciliations and assist in monthly reporting.
• Compile and analyze financial information to prepare financial statements, post journal and bank entries, calculate depreciation of fixed assets and perform monthly reconciliation.
• Maintain and create new customers, suppliers and general ledger accounts in accounting system.
• Verify accuracy of AP payment, claims and petty cash reimbursements and revenues.
• Handle Material Request and Purchase Order.
• Handle queries with suppliers and staff.

Job Requirements

• Diploma in Finance/Accountancy/Banking or equivalent.
• 1 – 2 years of work in Singapore’s Accounting & Finance field is preferred.
• Analytical and hands-on team player.
• Meticulous, accurate, trustworthy and able to work independently.

Summary of role requirements:

• 2-3 years of relevant work experience required for this role
• Working rights required for this role
• Expected salary: $2,000 - $2,500 per month

Located at CBD singapore .

We are a Health and Wellness business . As part of expansion, the team is looking for an Accounts Assistant to join the team.

Responsibilities:

• Handling full sets of accounting.
• Prepare AP, AR, GL, monthly financial statements and reports.
• Perform bank reconciliation.
• Review unaudited report and journal entries by outsourced firm
• Prepare GST reports quarterly and WHT submission monthly.

Requirements:

• Diploma/ Degree in Accounting
• XERO software knowledge
• At least 2 years of experiences handling full set of accounts.
• Knowledge in WHT and GST will be a plus point.
• Able to work in a team and detailed oriented.
• Strong communication and ability wo work independently.