Manager Job Responsibilities:

Accomplishes department objectives by managing staff; planning and evaluating department activities.

Maintains staff by recruiting, selecting, orienting, and training employees.

Ensures a safe, secure, and legal work environment.

Develops personal growth opportunities.

Accomplishes staff results by communicating job expectations; planning, monitoring, and appraising job results.

Coaches, counsels, and disciplines employees.

Develops, coordinates, and enforces systems, policies, procedures, and productivity standards.

Establishes strategic goals by gathering pertinent business, financial, service, and operations information.

Defines objectives, identifies and evaluates trends and options, chooses a course of action, and evaluates outcomes.

Accomplishes financial objectives by forecasting requirements, preparing an annual budget, scheduling expenditures, analyzing variances, and initiating corrective actions.

Maintains quality service by enforcing quality and customer service standards, analyzing and resolving quality and customer service problems, and recommending system improvements.

Contributes to team effort by accomplishing related results as needed.

Manager Qualifications / Skills:

Performance management

Project management

Coaching

Supervision

Quality management

Results driven

Developing budgets

Developing standards

Foster teamwork

Handles pressure

Giving feedback

Manager Job Responsibilities:

Accomplishes department objectives by managing staff; planning and evaluating department activities.

Maintains staff by recruiting, selecting, orienting, and training employees.

Ensures a safe, secure, and legal work environment.

Develops personal growth opportunities.

Accomplishes staff results by communicating job expectations; planning, monitoring, and appraising job results.

Coaches, counsels, and disciplines employees.

Develops, coordinates, and enforces systems, policies, procedures, and productivity standards.

Establishes strategic goals by gathering pertinent business, financial, service, and operations information.

Defines objectives, identifies and evaluates trends and options, chooses a course of action, and evaluates outcomes.

Accomplishes financial objectives by forecasting requirements, preparing an annual budget, scheduling expenditures, analyzing variances, and initiating corrective actions.

Maintains quality service by enforcing quality and customer service standards, analyzing and resolving quality and customer service problems, and recommending system improvements.

Contributes to team effort by accomplishing related results as needed.

Manager Qualifications / Skills:

Performance management

Project management

Coaching

Supervision

Quality management

Results driven

Developing budgets

Developing standards

Foster teamwork

Handles pressure

Giving feedback

Manager Job Responsibilities:

Accomplishes department objectives by managing staff; planning and evaluating department activities.

Maintains staff by recruiting, selecting, orienting, and training employees.

Ensures a safe, secure, and legal work environment.

Develops personal growth opportunities.

Accomplishes staff results by communicating job expectations; planning, monitoring, and appraising job results.

Coaches, counsels, and disciplines employees.

Develops, coordinates, and enforces systems, policies, procedures, and productivity standards.

Establishes strategic goals by gathering pertinent business, financial, service, and operations information.

Defines objectives, identifies and evaluates trends and options, chooses a course of action, and evaluates outcomes.

Accomplishes financial objectives by forecasting requirements, preparing an annual budget, scheduling expenditures, analyzing variances, and initiating corrective actions.

Maintains quality service by enforcing quality and customer service standards, analyzing and resolving quality and customer service problems, and recommending system improvements.

Contributes to team effort by accomplishing related results as needed.

Manager Qualifications / Skills:

Performance management

Project management

Coaching

Supervision

Quality management

Results driven

Developing budgets

Developing standards

Foster teamwork

Handles pressure

Giving feedback

Project Manager - Job Responsibilities:

- Responsible for P/L for Project

- Responsible for Timely project execution

- Conduct Project progress meetings & follow up on timely action

- Coordinate with the project executive all client "business" related contact/correspondence to ensure consistency of reporting throughout the project lifecycle

- Report to Management and make a dash board information at point in time

- Identify the potential concerns of the project well in advance and address them in an effective manner before it is raised.

- Ensure all costs and risk updates are communicated and incorporated into the overall project reporting

- Initiate and implement best practices, procedures and standards

- Lead, direct, assist and support construction teams to ensure deliverable processes on time and within the budget.

- Involve in day to day activities with customer & vendors

- identify, maintain & monitor the Risk register throughout the project

- Hold review meeting with vendors & follow up on the appropriate action plan

- Project close out and hold lesson learnt session

- Support sales proposal to review costing sheet and optimise the cost as required

Job Specifications:

- Degree in engineering, or equivalent

- Professional certification PMP is preferred but not a must.

- Strong knowledge of integrated navigation systems, navigation sensors, platform management, and maritime surveillance systems

- At least 5 years of relevant project management experience

- Proven track records in managing projects.

Key Responsibilities:

Team Leadership: Lead, mentor, and develop a team of engineers and technical staff.

Project Management: Plan, execute, and deliver projects on time and within budget while ensuring quality standards.

Technical Guidance: Provide technical direction and support to team members, helping to resolve complex issues and promoting best practices.

Collaboration: Work closely with vendors, classification society, and other stakeholders to align technical solutions with project objectives.

Quality Assurance: Implement and maintain processes for quality assurance and continuous integration.

Budget Management: Manage technical budgets and resource allocation effectively.

Innovation: Stay current with emerging technologies and industry trends to drive innovation within the team.

Project Manager - Job Responsibilities:

- Responsible for P/L for Project

- Responsible for Timely project execution

- Conduct Project progress meetings & follow up on timely action

- Coordinate with the project executive all client "business" related contact/correspondence to ensure consistency of reporting throughout the project lifecycle

- Report to Management and make a dash board information at point in time

- Identify the potential concerns of the project well in advance and address them in an effective manner before it is raised.

- Ensure all costs and risk updates are communicated and incorporated into the overall project reporting

- Initiate and implement best practices, procedures and standards

- Lead, direct, assist and support construction teams to ensure deliverable processes on time and within the budget.

- Involve in day to day activities with customer & vendors

- identify, maintain & monitor the Risk register throughout the project

- Hold review meeting with vendors & follow up on the appropriate action plan

- Project close out and hold lesson learnt session

- Support sales proposal to review costing sheet and optimise the cost as required

Job Specifications:

- Degree in engineering, or equivalent

- Professional certification PMP is preferred but not a must.

- Strong knowledge of integrated navigation systems, navigation sensors, platform management, and maritime surveillance systems

- At least 5 years of relevant project management experience

- Proven track records in managing projects.

Job Description

The candidate will be responsible for the following:

• Managing Client relationships

• Managing 4 to 5 design projects concurrently in Yards (including China)

• Providing overall leadership for the project while maintaining a focus on achieving targets efficiently

• Development and presentation of project plans, respond to Clients

• Liaison with the Shipyard, Classification society, Vendors & Clients

• Weekly progress reporting to Client & Management

Desired Profile

Essential requirements for this position are:

· Technical/ marketing skills for shipbuilding industry

· Experience in project management

· Excellent organizational and planning skills

· Strong Leadership and bilingual communication skills in English/ Mandarin

The candidate should have minimum 5 years’ experience in related role in ship design/ shipbuilding industry. Promising candidates with less experience may be considered as Trainees.

Responsibilities

• AR / AP function and data entry
• Check and update vendor invoices
• Fax and post customer invoices
• Read and record photocopier machine meter reading
• Arrange for photocopier machine maintenance and servicing
• Handle daily outgoing postage
• Handle petty cash claims and cash reimbursement when necessary
• Ensure all cheques received are being bank in accordingly
• Prepare documents for vehicles’ inspection at JIC
• Road tax renewal
• Keep record of stationary, uniforms, safety shoes, pantry groceries and top up accordingly
• Any other ad-hoc duties assigned

Requirement

• Minimum Nitec/O level
• Computer literate
• At least 1 years working experience in accounts department

College of Computing and Data Science (CCDS) is a leading school for higher learning that is known for its excellent curriculum, outstanding impactful research, and talented faculty. Today, we are ranked Top 10 for Computer Science in the latest US News and World Report Best Global Universities listing and NTU has been recognised as the top university for AI research and citation impact. CCDS serves a critical role in the university and society as we harness the power of digital technology and tech-enabled solutions to not only enhance the learning and research experience of our students and staff, but also to create innovative solutions for some of the grand challenges facing our world.

We invite qualified and passionate academics to apply for a tenure-track Assistant Professor position in College of Computing and Data Science. We seek individuals with exceptional promise for or a proven record of research achievements within their chosen field of research. They should also demonstrate strong ability for effective undergraduate and graduate level teaching. Candidates must have vision and an interest in defining the research frontier as well as educating our next-generation of young leaders in this rapidly evolving field. Candidates should also demonstrate the ability to combine theoretical knowledge with practical development of computational solutions and systems.

The position is open for candidates working in all areas of computer science and engineering. However, we are particularly interested in candidates working at the frontiers of the following high priority areas:

Programming Languages, Software Engineering, NLP and Machine Learning

Responsibilities:

• Research: The appointee is responsible for conducting high-quality innovative research, publishing top-tier papers, securing competitive research grants, and supervising research personnel.
• Teaching: The appointee is expected to conduct competent undergraduate and graduate level teaching, including development of course materials, delivery of lectures and tutorials, grading assignments and exam papers, providing feedback to students, and academic supervision of undergraduate and graduate student projects.
• Service: The appointee is expected to undertake responsibly assigned administrative services in the school and university, such as servicing on committees and mentoring students.

Requirements:

• You should possess a PhD in related disciplines from a well-recognized university.
• You have demonstrated exceptional promise for or a proven record of research achievements within the chosen field of research and strong ability for effective undergraduate and graduate level teaching
• You are able to lead and work as part of a multidisciplinary team
• You are able to supervise research staff and students through effective communication
• You should ideally possess strong presentation skills

Review of applications and shortlisting decision will be on an on-going basis until the positions are filled. Interested applicants are invited to submit their applications through the NTU career portal by clicking the “Apply” button. To facilitate the process, please submit the following documents if applicable.

- Full Curriculum Vitae

- Statement of Teaching and Research

- Research sample(s)

- Letters of Recommendation(s)

• Receive and release of inventory, performs packing/unpacking and assembling (if any) including storing of incoming and outgoing stock to/from workshop inventory.
• Plan, organize, maintain stocks, manage inventory, and apply appropriate methods of inventory management promptly.
• Update daily stock records and maintain proper records of inventories including upkeep of warehouse cleanliness and tidiness.
• Perform any other ad hoc duties as assigned

Job Overview

As a Warehouse Operation Coordinator/ Officer, you will play a pivotal role in overseeing and optimizing the operations of our warehouse and logistic. Your primary responsibilities will include managing the receipt, storage, transfer and distribution of goods, ensuring efficient and organized warehouse operation, maintaining warehouse cleanliness and coordinate daily communication with interdepartmental.

Job Responsibilities:

- Ensure accurate receipt of items in accordance with established SOPs and protocol.

- Execute daily inbound and outbound warehouse operation effectively.

- Support orders fulfilment, picking, packing, issuing of goods for deliveries to logistic team.

- Coordinate with third party logistics (3PL) providers for daily inventory transfers and deliveries.

- Manages warehouse inventory and maintains database accuracy.

- Submits the daily inventory report to update the inventory status to sales team/ production team/ procurement team

- Conduct monthly stock-take exercise, perform daily inventory data entry in SAP system / upload the daily transfer/ receiving record.

- Maintain a clean, safe and organized warehouse environment.

- Stuffing, Unstuffing, Restacking, Labeling of products as needed.

- Coordinate and liaise effectively with inter-department related all warehouse and logistic concerns.

- Resolve inventory or warehouse operation issues and discrepancies promptly.

- Operate forklift and reach truck as needed, adhering to safety protocols.

- Performs other related or ad-hoc duties when assigned

Job Requirements:

1. Minimum CGE “O” level / NITEC in any relevant discipline

2. Good working knowledge of MS Office application – Outlook, Excel, Word

3. Experience in SAP or any other WMS system

4. Able to work independent, responsible as a team player

5. Possess good communication skills both written and verbal

Duties and Responsibilities of Office Admin Support

1) Monitor office stationeries and replenish stock when low

2) Replenish beverages for the office

3) Arrange for regular maintenance to office equipments

4) Collect mails from letter box and allocate to projects

5) Arrange with projects' drivers to collect documents

6) Ensure drivers collect correct documents

7) Make reservations for hotel rooms for our VIPs and guests

8) Arrange meetings and site visits for directors

9) Assist Finance to check those petty cash receipts and invoices

10) Assist Finance to compile all the petty cash claims

11) Answer telephone calls and re-direct to the correct staff

12) Monitor the usage of the meeting room

13) Do simple correspondence

14) Other duties as assigned from time to time

Job Summary:

• Location: East - MNC company
• Work - shift rotation (NO overnight shift)
• Work timing - 6.30am till 4.15pm and 4pm till 1.45am
• Salary: Gross up to $2.8k

Job Description:

• Manage main stocks, check and update stock list
• sending/collecting tools with plant
• engine receiving for input
• moving engine stand to external warehouse storage
• sending and collecting receivable parts and new parts for build
• maintain and update location plan of all chemical cabinets locations
• maintain and update inventory list for chemical cabinets
• maintain engine yard 5S to operating rules.

Requirement:

• Min Nitec / Higher Nitec in any relevant studies
• At least 1 year warehouse or/and logistic or technician experiences.

Applicants who possess relevant experience for the above responsibilities are most welcome to apply. If you do not possess the above experience, your application will still be considered on individual merits and you may be contacted for other opportunities.

By submitting your personal data and/or resume, you give consent to collection, use and disclosure of your personal data and/or resume by the company (or its agent) for the purpose of the processing and administration by the company relating to this job application.

**We regret to inform that only shortlisted candidates would be notified.

Eugene Eiap Yeow Hong

Registration Number: R23112438

EA License No: 06C2859 (MCI Career Services Pte Ltd)

Summary

• Public Healthcare Institution (West region)
• Basic Up $3000 + AWS + VB
• Work Days/ Hours: 5.5 Days (8am - 430pm)

Job Descriptions

• Process prescriptions and dispense prescribed medications to patients and caregivers
• Provide medication education and counselling to enable understanding and compliance to medication therapy
• Assist pharmacists and senior pharmacy technicians in handling routine task in pharmacy administration and operations.
• For the role of Senior Pharmacy Technician, you will supervise the dispensing pharmacy team to ensure compliance to medication safety standards and optimal staff mobilization for front-line duties.
• Manage pharmacy administration and operations (e.g. inventory control, billing matters, medication delivery services), as well as provide staff training periodically.

Requirements

• For Senior Pharmacy Technician role, a minimum of 5 years of working experience in a pharmacy will be required. *supervisory experience will be an advantage
• Team player
• Organised and able to multi-task

Applicants who possess relevant experience for the above responsibilities are most welcome to apply. If you do not possess the above experience, your application will still be considered on individual merits and you may be contacted for other opportunities.

Interested candidates kindly click the APPLY NOW.

By submitting your personal data and/or resume, you give consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal data and/or resume by the company (or its agent) for the purpose of the processing and administration by company relating to this job application.

**We regret to inform that only shortlisted candidates would be notified.

Jessica Grace Wong Hui Ying
Registration No.: R24123928
EA License No: 06C2859 (MCI Career Services Pte

The School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering is one of the founding Schools of the Nanyang Technological University. Built on a culture of excellence, the School is renowned for its high academic standards and research.

With over 3,000 undergraduates students and 1,000 graduate students it is one of the largest EEE schools in the world and ranks 10th in the field of Electrical & Electronic Engineering in the 2024 QS World University Rankings by Subjects.

Today, the School has become one of the world’s largest engineering schools that nurtures competent engineers and researchers. Each year, the School graduates over a thousand students who are ready to take on great ambitions and challenges.

For more details, please view: https://www.ntu.edu.sg/eee

Innovative Electronic & Electromagnetic Devices Laboratory (i-Lab) at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) is looking for a Research Assistant to conduct research in the field of cryogenic microelectronics. The role will focus on design, simulation, and experimental characterization of novel cryogenic microelectronic devices.

We are looking for a Research Assistant to conduct research in the field of cryogenic microelectronics. The role will focus on design, simulation, and experimental characterization of novel cryogenic radiofrequency switches.

Key Responsibilities:

• Theoretical investigations on new cryogenic microelectronic components.
• Design and Multiphysics simulation of semiconductor radiofrequency components.
• Experimental characterization of microelectronic components.
• Providing general research support to i-Lab.

Job Requirements:

• Minimum Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering or related field
• Expertise in simulating microelectronic components, complemented by advanced analytical skills.
• Good written and oral communication skills
• Good team working skills
• Entry level candidates are welcome to apply

We regret to inform that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

Job Description:

• Learning and Familiarising oneself with various systems and processes within the Company
• Replying to sales enquiries
• Vendor management
• Working on projects to drive both topline and bottomline of the Company
• Assisting your direct or lateral reports on other facets of the business as required.

Job Requirements:

• Singaporeans only
• Candidate should possess knowledge of basic business concepts
• Job role required to liaise with customers in english, chinese and chinese dialect, knowledge of English, Mandarin Chinese and Chinese Dialect is essential.
• Required Skill(s): Microsoft Office

Qualities Sought After:

• Must be resourceful
• Must be able to work effectively and efficiently as an individual or in a team
• Must be able to be hands-on, to learn operations in the initial phase
• Must be inquisitive and be a quick learner and must not shy away from seeking clarification when appropriate to do so
• Must be able to infer basic concepts learned from one scenario to be applied to other scenarios
• Must be able to think and present ideas logically, analytically and rationally
• Must be able to multitask to meet deadlines over multiple projects
• Must be able to handle both mundane and complex tasks over a protracted period
• Must be on a constant lookout to improve oneself or processes within the company
• Educational Qualifications is a plus but not essential. Work ethics and attitude prevails
• Must have a pleasant disposition and be able to carry oneself appropriately in normal settings or in formal meetings with senior business leaders

Responsibilities

• AR / AP function and data entry
• Check and update vendor invoices
• Fax and send e-invoices to customers
• Read and record photocopier machine meter reading
• Handle daily outgoing postage
• Handle petty cash claims and cash reimbursement when necessary
• Ensure all cheques received are being bank in accordingly
• Prepare documents for vehicles’ inspection at JIC
• Road tax renewal
• Keep record of stationary, uniforms, safety shoes, pantry groceries and top up accordingly
• Any other ad-hoc duties assigned

Requirement

• Minimum Nitec/O level
• Computer literate
• At least 1 year working experience in accounts department
• Independent and with good interpersonal skills

Company Description

Cogent Holdings Pte Ltd is a subsidiary of Cosco Shipping International (Singapore) Co., Ltd and has a wide range of clientele ranging from local SMEs to multinational companies. Cogent owns one of Singapore's largest one-stop integrated logistics hub, Cogent 1.Logistics Hub. It offers warehousing, freight forwarding, container and ISO tank depot, automotive logistics, and transportation services in Singapore. It also operates warehousing and container depot businesses in Malaysia.

Role Description

This is a full-time on-site role for an Admin Assistant at Cogent Container Depot Pte Ltd. The Admin Assistant will be responsible for day-to-day tasks related to the container depot operations, including accepting and processing container transactions, coordinating with customers and truck drivers, and ensuring accurate documentation.

1. Process documentation for container movement in the depot.

2. Attend to hauliers and process in-bound and out-bound container details in the system.

3. Collate daily storage, repair and movement reports as well as any other ad-hoc requests required by the shipping/leasing line.

4. Collect payment from hauliers and tally with reports.

Requirements:

1. Minimum GCE 'N' level

2. Minimum 1 year of working experience

3. Computer knowledge in Microsoft Office

4. Able to perform overtime when necessary

5. Willing to work alternate Saturday

Others:

1. Monday - Friday 8.30am - 5.45pm, Alternate Saturday 8.30am – 2pm

2. Subsidized meal daily

3. Medical, dental & insurance benefits

4. 2 way-Transport provided at Jurong East

5. Paid Over Time

Job Responsibilities

• Attend to Customers upon sample delivery:Collect samples from Customers
  Acknowledge Delivery Order/ Job Request
  Check and verify received quantity
  Ensure proper contact information obtain during receiving and update contact information and quotations from the system
  
• Update key information into the system
• Communicate with customer with the aim to gather proper information & clarify discrepancies
• Update Sample Traceability
• Arrange for delivery or collection.Provide schedule for collection/ delivery
  Contact customer for delivery arrangement (return samples)
  Liase with dispatch driver to arrange pick up / delivery
  Upload collection/ delivery form into system"
  
• Perform basic housekeeping within your department

Requirements:

• Minimum O Level or equivalent
• Ability to work independently, self-starter, energetic
• Ability to sort, check, count, and verify numbers
• Good interpersonal and communication skills
• Strong ability to interact and communicate with people over the phone
• Good Knowledge in Microsoft office eg. Word and Excel

Job Description:

• To perform test using advanced instruments such as UVVIS, ICPOES, FIA, GCMS etc.
• To carry out testing of samples to deliver prompt testing result to customers.
• To ensure that all machines and instruments are properly cleaned and well maintained.
• To conduct calibration and preparation of reagents when needed.
• Prepare yearly assessment and deal with the assessment by external audit team such as SFA, SAC.
• Practice good housekeeping in lab and always maintain cleanliness of lab.
• New task will be assigned whenever it is necessary, such as provide training to intern during their internship in the lab, etc.

Job Requirement:

• Degree in chemistry / material science or relevant field.
• Diploma in chemical process or relevant field.
• Fresh graduate are welcome to apply.
• Be a good team player and render cooperation to superior and colleagues.
• To show good working attitude in workplace, such as self-discipline, take initiative to learn & solve issues, good leadership etc.
• Able to cope in a fast paced environment.

• Performs all works assigned by the Project Director/Associate/Architect/Team Leader to meet the established project objectives (quality and standards) diligently.
• Reporting to Project Associate/Director on all matters pertaining to design, technical and building code issues.
• Assist in documentation during Conceptual & Detail Design Development stage.
• CAD or manual drafting of sketch drawings.
• Understanding & applying Building Regulations as directed by the Project Associate/ Architect.
• Liaising with Consultants on matters of design & technical co-ordination issues and building regulations.
• Attending Consultants/Site Meetings on matters of design & technical co-ordination issues and building regulations.
• Works and coordinates with fellow team members on collective assignments.

1. Assist to prepare monthly finance management report (P&L summary analysis etc.) for each business unit.

2. Assist to prepare monthly Group Interest Person / Inter-company Transaction schedule.

3. Assist to prepare annual budget and forecast.

4. Assist to prepare quarterly GST reporting.

5. Assist to review junior staff’s work in relation to accounts payable and accounts receivable.

6. Assist to ensure timely reporting for month-end and year-end closing.

Requirements:

1. Possess a Degree in Accountancy or equivalent.

2. Minimum 3 years of relevant experience.

3. Computer literate and proficient in MS Office (excel, words, ppt etc.)

4. Has initiative and is able to work independently with minimal supervision.

5. Meticulous and analytical with numbers.

6. Experience in using SAP is an advantage.

Please state current salary, expected salary and resignation notice period required in the resume

Others Information:

1. 5-days work week

2. Daily meal subsidy

3. Medical, dental & insurance benefits

4. Company Transport: 2 ways from Jurong East

Roles & Responsibilities

Key Responsibilities:

- Assist in the preparation and maintenance of financial records, including accounts payable and receivable.

- Process invoices, expense reports, and other financial documents with accuracy.

- Reconcile bank statements and assist with month-end closing procedures.

- Support the finance team with KYC processes and administrative tasks.

- Help ensure compliance with company policies and accounting regulations.

What You’ll Bring:

- A strong attention to detail and a commitment to accuracy.

- Basic knowledge of accounting principles and practices.

- Proficiency in Microsoft Office Suite, particularly Excel.

- A willingness to learn and grow in your accounting career.

- Strong organizational and communication skills.

Job Description & Requirements

- Provides back-up to the Account Manager on all clerical functions, as needed.

- Assist on the month-end closing procedures to meet monthly deadlines.

- Assist on other accounting projects as needed.

- Process high volume in payment transaction.

- Able to work independently,research and resolve payment discrepancies.

- Monitor AR/AP Aging reports and days sales outstanding.

- Obatains and emails invoice copies/statements for customer,as required.

- Match invoices against purchase ordders, any price/quantity discrepancies research and resolve with purchasing department.

- Only Singaporean/PR need to apply.

Job Description:

• Responsible for receiving, checking, and storing incoming goods in a timely and orderly manner.
• Handling the full process of packaging and labelling of products before delivery.
• Perform routine stock take and ensure the store cleanliness is kept up to standard.
• Perform general housekeeping of the warehouse
• Any other ad hoc duties as assigned

Requirement:

• Physically fit
• Responsible individual with good working attitude
• Able to work independently and handle tight schedule
• Comfortable to work in non-air con environment
• Comfortable to work on Weekend and Public Holiday
• Possess forklift license is preferred, but not necesssary