• Work closely with the leasing team to manage the process of transferring and acquiring retail and office units. This includes preparing documents, keys, and overseeing the smooth handover and takeover of the units.
• Serve as the primary contact for coordinating the unit's design, fit-out, and reinstatement activities throughout the entire process, from design phase to completion.

Requirements:

• Diploma and above.
• At least 3 years of experience in tenancy work in commercial building.

If you are keen to apply for the position, kindly email your detailed resume in MS Word to [email protected]

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

For more job opportunities, please visit our website at www.recruit-expert.com

EA Licence: 19C9701

Registration: R1326740

Job Description

5.5 Days Work (Monday-Friday/ Sat (Half-day)

Friendly Working Environment

Guarantee great learning experience

Construction site & office working environment

Willing to travel around Singapore to get to job site

Responsibilities:

Able to communicate and convince various stake holders with your work proposal.

Basic Reinforced Concrete(RC) design calculation for temporary & permanent works

Proficient in costing and quotation for ad hoc quotes to client.

Able to be resourceful and scout for products, subcons, material, etc (manually, online, etc)

Examine and check drawings to ensure compliance with project requirements and specifications.

To prepare drawings using AutoCAD for Authority submissions.

To prepare schedule using Excel/ Microsoft Project for works planning

Work closely with the team and update changes of site requirements and schedule of works.

Performs other ad hoc duties as assigned by reporting supervisor.

Requirements:

Degree in Civil Engineering or equivalent. (PEB recognized degree only)

Min. 2 years of working experience in the construction industry. (Fresh Graduate are encourage to apply)

Proficient in AutoCAD Software.

Familiar with Eurocode.

Fluent in English.

Ability to work within a team and independently.

Dynamic and keen to learn.

• Responsible for company’s project performance, deliver operational KPI and liaise with internal Project Managers.
• Prepare quarterly reports for review and present the results to various stakeholders.
• Maintain, analyse, and forecast project cost to project team and management.
• Participate in budgeting and forecasting processes; administer all project forecasts and actual and correct variances monthly.

Requirements:

• ACCA or equivalent
• At least 5 years of project accounting experience in Construction industry.
• Hands on accounting experience for construction contracts.

If you are keen to apply for the position, kindly email your detailed resume in MS Word to [email protected]

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

For more job opportunities, please visit our website at www.recruit-expert.com

EA Licence: 19C9701

Registration: R1326740

Jobs Description

• Support of maintenance and project works function

• Advising on procurement strategy

• Prepare cost estimate

• Endorse and ensure all costing by Contractors is properly checked and endorsed

• Prepare and report financial projection and budgetary control including monitoring of contract and provisional sums.

• Prepare and recommend monthly progress payment claims and final account submitted by Contractors

• Evaluate and carry out joint measurement with Contractors (e-PO, Final BQ, etc.)

• Administer Contractors works - check & verify quotations / "star rate" items / market sensing

• Check, certify and confirm Contractors Invoices

• Review and prepare specifications, evaluate and recommend tender submissions and contract documentation (maintenance contract)

• Obtain and monitor Performance Bonds, Bankers Guarantees and insurances

• Prepare tender document, tender calling, tender evaluation, market survey report, contract documents, including bills of quantities with clients/ architects, and preparing and analysing costing in detailed reports

• Prepare tender documents, tender evaluation report, variation agreements and render professional advice on any penalties, liquidated damages when deem necessary.

• Prepare recommendation report (exercise option / CVR etc.)

• Carry out random audits of not less than two (2) projects on maintenance replacement per month

• Administer term contractors A&A works

• Any other ad-hoc assignments assigned by the Management.

Requirement

-Diploma in Quantity Survey, Building, Engineering, Construction Management or other relevant qualifications from a recognized institute with minimum 5 years relevant experience.

* Reporting directly to the manager and fulfilling the Manager's duties in their absence.

* Being well-versed in internal operations.

* Taking minutes at meetings.

* Forwarding and distributing mail as required.

* Preparing and filing relevant documents.

* Supporting managers in devising plans in order to improve business performance.

* Monitoring various operational aspects.

* Collaborating with the logistics office.

* Assigning tasks to employees and hiring new staff.

* Providing training, instruction, and guidance to subordinate employees to ensure their knowledge of company products, fabrication and assembly methods, management skills, and the effective use of accepted work processes and standards.

Company Description

Innovez Engineering is a Singapore-based company that specializes in the design-and-build of large commercial and residential swimming pools, spas, and water features. As a pioneer in the construction of stainless steel swimming pools in Asia, Innovez Engineering challenges the boundaries of conventional swimming pool building by constantly innovating engineering and building methods. The company provides a complete spectrum of products and services integral in the design, construction, and operation of swimming pool facilities, including consultancy, design engineering, construction works, maintenance services, and manufacture, supply, and installation of high-grade aquatic equipment and systems.

Role Description

The role is responsible for day-to-day tasks associated with project management, engineering, cost management, quality control, documentation and reporting, and site coordination. The Project Engineer will be part of a team that designs and builds large-scale commercial and residential swimming pools, spas, and water features from the ground up. The role oversees all aspects of the construction projects, ensuring their timely completion within budget and in compliance with regulations. The role will also involve collaboration with architects, contractors, and other stakeholders to ensure efficient project execution.

Qualifications

• Minimum 5 years experience in building and construction, or related field.
• Bachelor's or Master's degree in Mechanical, Electrical, Civil Engineering or related field.
• Strong project management skills to manage resources, track project status and mitigate risks.
• Excellent communication skills to effectively manage project timelines and budgets, as well as coordinate with stakeholders, contractors, and suppliers.
• Expertise in project engineering to ensure that designs comply with engineering standards and applicable regulations.
• Experience in project planning to develop project scopes, objectives, and schedules that align with business goals.
• Mechanical and electrical engineering skills to design and develop electrical systems for swimming pool facilities.
• Experience in swimming pool construction or related field is a bonus.
• Experience in Autocad, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Project.

Interested candidates should apply with details on last drawn salary and reasons for leaving current job.

Quantity Surveyor Responsibilities:

• Reviewing construction plans and preparing quantity requirements.
• Scrutinizing maintenance and material costs, as well as contracts to ensure the best deals.
• Liaising with site managers, clients, contractors, and subcontractors.
• Preparing reports, analyses, contracts, budgets, risk assessment, and other documents.
• Advising managers and clients on improvements and new strategies.
• Keeping track of materials and ordering more when required.
• Documenting any changes in design and updating budgets.
• Issuance of Contract to Suppliers and Factories.
• Establishing and maintaining professional relationships with external and internal stakeholders.
• Traveling from the office to various sites as required.

Senior HR Executive

• Working Hours: Monday-Friday 8.30am-6.00pm
• Location: Near Aljunied Mrt
• Salary: $3000-$3800

Job Scope:

• Recruitment: Manage end-to-end recruitment processes, including job posting, candidate sourcing, interviewing, and onboarding for various roles within the company.
• Employee Relations: Foster positive employee relations, address concerns, and promote a healthy work environment.
• HR Policies: Ensure compliance with HR policies and local labor laws, and provide guidance to employees and management.
• Performance Management: Support the performance appraisal process and work with managers to improve team performance.
• Benefits and Compensation: Administer employee benefits and compensation programs.
• Training and Development: Identify training needs and coordinate training and development programs.

Job Requirements:

• Bachelor's degree in Human Resources Management or a related field.
• 5+ years of HR experience, preferably in the construction industry.

The Supreme HR Advisory Pte Ltd || 14C7279

R22111009 Cheng Kai Ling

Responsiblities :

- Preparing steel and Archi Work.

- Planning man power and supervise work.

- Hardworking & responsible personnel with minimum supervision.

Requirement :

- Minimum secondary level

- 2 years and above Singapore construction industry experience

- Good technical knowledge

- With Singapore class 3/4 driving license

Job Description

• Set out tertiary control points on site set out by Registered Surveyor
• Ensure the road design parameters and statutory ser back requirement of any work area are complied with requirements.
• To check and set out the correct alignment for the reinstatement works making sure that no contentious issues regarding encroachment shall arise
• To coordinate with LTA and adjacent contractors to ensure that survey controls and alignment match between contracts
• To produce survey drawings and maintaining records of all survey results
• Control all survey instruments and ensure that the instruments are calibrated regularly and maintain all EDM calibration records. Such calibrations are to be carried out at LTA’s designated calibration base

Requirements

• Possess a Diploma in Land Surveying
• Minimum 8 years of working experience and a registered Resident Surveyor with Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers (SISV)
• Experience in LTA project, or similar scale, complexity and nature of work will be advantages

Responsibilities:

• Oversee the construction by proving on site management and quality control to ensure project meet deadline
• Control of manpower & resources to execute site works within time & costs
• Solving technical issue on site
• Liaising with government agencies, coordinating with subcontractors, clients, consultants
• Provide regular performance status update to the management

Requirements:

• Degree in Civil Engineering (recognized PE board or Commissioner of Building Control for RE registration).
• Min 5 years of relevant working experience in civil engineering and road works
• Class 3 driving license
• Able to work Independently
• Familiar with road work construction field
• Attractive Remuneration Package
• Only Singaporean may apply

Please state the following in your resume. (i) Current and expected salary (ii) Reason of leaving (Past and present employment) (iii) Notice period (iv) Contact details

We regret only short-listed candidate shall be contacted

Responsibilities:

· Strategic HR advisory and initiatives aligned with the overall business strategy

· Work closely with regional HR teams in developing fair HR policies for all countries

· Collaborate with team in developing and monitoring overall HR strategies, systems, tactics and procedures across the organization

· Bridge management and employee relations by addressing demands, grievances or other issues

· Support current and future business needs through the development, engagement, motivation and preservation of human capital

· Responsible for recruitment and selection process

· Oversee and support work pass & relocation matters

· Oversee daily operations of the HR department

Requirements:

· Hands-on experience in HR operations & software (Payroll, Work Pass, Timesoft)

· Experience in developing clear and fair company policies

· People oriented, problem-solving skills and results driven

· Competence to build and effectively manage interpersonal relationships at all levels of the company

· In-depth knowledge of labor law and HR best practices

· Proceed with an attitude of going extra mile to help the organization succeed

In this role you will be involved in the overall business of the company which includes the property management, accounting and administrative functions. You will also be responsible for the development of strong client relationships as well as providing high standards of property management service at all times.

Property Management and Maintenance

■ Manage and maintain the property and keep it in a state of safe, good and operational condition

■ Ensure compliance of all relevant legislations, standards and requirements governing the maintenance and management of buildings in Singapore, including customary business practices

■ Implement and regulate all instructions, by-laws and laws permitted under the requirements of BMSMA and House rules

■ Liaise, schedule, supervise and conduct routine inspections of the property, grounds, facilities and equipment to ensure that the property is properly maintained and serviced by staff and/or contractors

■ Prepare, implement and review checklist and preventive maintenance programmes for the property

■ Liaise with property developers, consultants, architects, contractors during TOP and POST TOP for new developments

■ Respond to after office hour emergency calls, messages and emails and take appropriate actions

Business Planning and Management

■ Organise and plan day-to-day operations of site/s

■ Ensure the effective development and execution of site objectives

■ Maintain an up to date contract overview and evaluate renewals and/or new contracts and agreements and make recommendations prior to expiry and/or purchase of contracts

■ Liaise with council members as well as convene and attend Council Meetings, Annual General meetings and other types of meetings involved

■ Attend other site’s Annual General Meetings as directed by management

■ Engaged with prior approval of and on behalf of the management council, contractors, solicitors, auditors, surveyors, architects, engineers and other professional services, as it may deem desirable or necessary to carry out its duties

■ Participate in business development and corporate strategies where appropriate

Administrative Management

■ Solicit and analyse quotations from contractors for repairs, renovations and maintenance works

■ Prepare notices, documents and/or meeting minutes for Council Meetings, Annual General meetings and other types of meetings involved

■ Prepare circulars, notices, reminders and/or letter of awareness for residents or for notice display

■ Maintain proper documentations and inventories such as drawings, floor plans, equipment manuals, keys etc. and control the movement of such assets and documents

■ Prepare and submit reports and/or claims timely and accurately Relationship Management

■ Develop, manage and maintain strong and healthy relationships with clients, contractors, regulators, employees and organisation

■ Advise and provide guidance to council members and residents of all matters regarding the affairs of the estate and MCST

■ Deal with all inquiries, complaints, reports and correspondence relating to the administration of the Council, its property and subsidiary proprietors following management rules and regulations

■ Ensure the immediate resolution of operational issues and complaints

■ Inform and educate residents of the need to comply with house rules and by-laws to ensure harmonious condominium living

■ Develop a thorough knowledge of all estates assigned

■ Be aware of industry trends and developments and the effect it might have on the estate as well as business

Continuous Improvement

■ Involve in project improvements and upgrading of the estate

■ Ensure the process of continuous improvement is in place

■ Ensure the effective implementation of the customer relations best practice plan

■ Create an environment of innovation and continuous improvement targeted toward improved service and increased efficiency

■ Request and coordinate resources in supporting the on-site operations

■ Ensure sharing of best practice across all sites

■ Support and participate in any corporate and business unit initiatives Financial Management

■ Prepare annual detailed budget for maintenance fee and sinking fund for the estate

■ Collect, demand and recover on behalf of the company and/or council all monies due, to take necessary steps including legal proceedings to recover such sums as directed by or subject to the approval of the company and/or council

■ Oversee requisitions for quotations to ensure proper cost control

■ Verify contractors and suppliers’ invoices with respect to their quotations and work completion before authorising invoices for payment

■ Initiate cost savings and generate value through implementation of new technology, sound economic and financial policies, keeping expenditure within budget

■ Be accountable for the overall financial performance of accounts against budget

■ Support and participate in any corporate finance initiatives

Requirements:

■ Diploma or above

■ At least 1 year of related working experience

■ Proven management experience within property management industry

■ Strong understanding on Running Management Corporations and the Building Maintenance & Strata Management Act

■ Experience in managing relationships with clients

■ Demonstrate strong ability to influence and negotiate

■ Strong interpersonal, organisational, people management skills

■ Passion for and experience in developing people

■ Fluent in English

■ Excellent communication skills

• Responsible for taking off quantities, sourcing sub-contractors & suppliers, pricing and preparation of tender submission.
• Carry out site measurement and evaluate price comparison and costing summary.
• Project administration and documentation including preparation of interim valuations, pricing and agreement of contract variations, update claim submissions, preparation of final accounts.

Requirements:

• Diploma in Quantity Surveying or equivalent.
• At least 3 years working as a Quantity Surveyor in building construction industry.
• Strong knowledge of building condition of contract.

If you are keen to apply for the position, kindly email your detailed resume in MS Word to [email protected]

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

For more job opportunities, please visit our website at www.recruit-expert.com

EA Licence: 19C9701

Registration: R1326740

Proficient in English both spoken and written

Handle email account

Handle accounts payable - invoice payment, petty cash claims, workers' wages

Accounts receivable - issue invoice

Maintain files to document transaction

Perform data entry

Provide administrative support

Pleasant and friendly disposition

Meticulous with a keen eye to detail

Independent worker and team player

• Managing the planning and design stages of construction projects.

• Contributing technical expertise to project drawings and designs.

• Performing cost calculations and preparing financial projections.

• Preparing work schedules in collaboration with the project manager.

• Liaising between contractors, subcontractors, vendors, and suppliers.

• Overseeing construction engineering processes.

• Performing regular tests on materials and procedures to ensure compliance with industry regulations.

• Ensuring that the construction project is completed on time and within budget.

• Documenting processes and keeping detailed construction logs.

• Presenting construction project progress updates to clients and senior managers.

The Construction Supervisor is responsible for the day-to-day management of construction projects, ensuring that they are completed on time, within budget, and to the highest quality standards. The ideal candidate will have a strong understanding of construction principles and practices, as well as excellent leadership and communication skills.

Responsibilities:

· Oversee the construction of projects from start to finish, ensuring that they are completed on time, within budget, and to the highest quality standards.

· Manage and supervise a team of construction workers, ensuring that they are safe and productive.

· Inspect construction sites regularly to ensure that they are safe, and that work is being completed to code.

· Communicate with clients, architects, engineers, and other stakeholders to ensure that their needs are met.

· Prepare and submit reports on the status of projects.

· Administer contracts and manage budgets.

· Stay up to date on the latest construction technologies and practices.

Qualifications:

· 5+ years of experience in construction supervision.

· Strong understanding of construction principles and practices.

· Excellent leadership and communication skills.

· Ability to work independently and as part of a team.

· Strong attention to detail and safety awareness.

Responsibilities:

• Lead and supervise work closely with subcontractors within the scheduled timeline
• Ensure subcontractors execute their works accordingly to the industrial standards and contract specifications
• Assist in project defects and rectifications
• Any ad-hoc duties as assigned

Requirements:

• Possess Minimum a Certificate in Building Supervision or relevant discipline
• Experience in HDB BSC Operation would be an advantage
• Effectively bilingual in English and Mandarin (in order to handle queries and feedbacks from Mandarin-speaking residents/associates in regards with the maintenance matters)

• Manage end-to-end recruitment process
• Administer on-boarding and off-boarding programs
• Coordinate and communicate with other departments to meet staff training needs
• Manage staff training matter and administer training related funding and claims
• Ensure the correct recording of all relevant record logs and documentation
• Organise and execute employee engagement and welfare activities
• Maintain and update employees' personal files
• Follow-up on contract renewal and expiry
• Handle employee relations matter
• Handle HR letters and correspondence
• Support HR activities and initiatives
• Provide support on office administrative matter
• Other general HR admin duties

Responsibilities:

• Assist the project manager with on and off site meeting pertaining to the technical issues
• Responsible for submission of Architectural samples, shops drawing and other related documents to the consultants or authorities
• Coordinate and monitor work progress at site including periodical site inspection and attending meetings during course of construction of project
• Proven problem solving and achievements work progress according to the work schedule
• Site supervision and able to coordinate well with sub-contractors, RE and RTO

Requirements:

• Candidate must at least a Post Graduate Diploma in Civil Engineering or equivalent
• Min 5 years relevant experience in the related field for this position
• Be able to work independently with minimum guidance
• Good team player and willing to learn and contribute

Job Purpose

To maximise project margin and add value to the project/ work process by proactive involvement in procurement, cost management and reporting. To drive best value from suppliers and subcontractors. To carry out monthly financial reviews on projects and forecast final outturn values for cost, sales and margin. Maximise value of monthly applications and measurement and submission of contract variations. Timely submission and negotiation of final accounts to the client / main contractor and subcontractors.

Key Responsibilities

Contract Surveying:

• Prepare tender and contract documentation including collection and checking for completeness of documents for submission of tender.
• Measure, value, submit including sourcing and negotiate for quotations from sub-contractors/ suppliers.
• Prepare, submit progress claim, variation orders and payment certificates.
• Review subcontracts between company and subcontractors including general and special terms and conditions, requisitions, specifications and drawing, procedures etc including reviewing and drafting of correspondence.
• To carry out monthly valuations of work in progress, including forecasting of final costs and sales.
• Prepare, monitor and analyse project costing and cashflow forecasts.

· Assist in preparation and adherence to project purchasing targeting and costing budgets.

• Liaise with clients, consultants, sub-contractors, suppliers, and relevant authorities etc including site visit and attend site meeting, if applicable
• Maintain proper & complete set of contracts documents.
• Updating & tracking of drawings to ensure timely information.
• Prepare material sample board and track procurement delivery.

People Management:

· Able to work well within a team-based environment.

· Communicate regularly with project staff and specialist subcontractors to ensure commercial controls are in place, understood with compliance.

Administration:

· Manage and produce accurate formal reports

· Monitor all commercial information in relation to project including labour, material and sub-contractor cost forecasting thus ensuring budgets adhered to.

· Supply all relevant information to the Manager for review at the specified intervals set.

· Assist Manager with a range of other duties as may be required from time to time.

Personal Attributes

· Smart and professional appearance.

· Good command of written and spoken English.

· Customer focused.

· ‘Can do’ attitude to work

· Be able to work independently with minimum guidance and under pressure to meet tight deadlines

Skill Requirements

· Diploma in Quantity Surveying or equivalent.

· Fresh graduate is welcomed.

· Multi-tasking, self-motivated, energetic team player with a flexible and adaptable approach to work.

· Have good practical organisation skills, planning of resources and programme scheduling.

· IT Literate able to use Microsoft Office Programme.

• Knowledge in design and drafting software application such as AutoCAD / BIM user

Working Location: Northeast/West/North

• Provide facilities management services for shopping malls in various locations around Singapore. This includes preventative maintenance, pest control, horticulture, security management, etc through our appointed term/ sub-contractors.
• Investigate, check and analyse reported breakdowns & faults to determine their cause for the prevention of future occurrences.
• Supervise upgrading projects for the shopping mall that you are assigned to. In addition, you will be responsible for the coordination of meetings and events such as logistics support, obtaining quotations, raising of invoices and setting up of the events etc.
• Any other duties are assigend by the Supervisor.

Job Requirements

• Minimum NITEC/Diploma in Building Services Engineering / Mechanical / Electrical or equivalent with minimum 1 year of relevant working experience, preferably in managing commercial properties or alternatively, possess at least 5 years of facilities management experience.
• Preferably possess certification for Fire Safety Manager.
• Pro-active, independent, able to work with minimal supervision and perform under pressure.
• Good communication and interpersonal skills.
• Service orientated mindset.
• Able to start work immediately or within short notice.

Interested applicants, please submit your detailed resume stating your current and expected salary, and reasons for leaving current and past employment.

We thank you for your interest in the above position and regret that only short-listed candidates will be notified.

• Oversees construction sites, general contractors, and workers to ensure a high level of quality and safety.
• Creates and reviews Requests for Information and Requests for Proposal and Change Orders.
• Guarantees that all work is performed in accordance with approved manuals and procedures.
• Ensures that the project is constructed and documented in accordance with the contract documents and good engineering practices.
• Provides technical support to Project Managers.
• Develops and maintains project cost/change controls, and project budget and accounting ecords.
• Performs change order estimating and assists the Project Manager in change order negotiations.
• Coordinates and monitors schedule updates, invoices, and submittals.
• Assists in managing and reviewing the progress of contractors’ construction schedules.
• Reviews weekly and monthly reports on the status and progress of the contracts, including project costs and potential changes.
• Reports the status of projects to business and market leaders.
• Attend client program meetings as needed.

Responsibilities

• To assist in contract administration, prepare progress claims and liaise with the Client's representative on claims and variation cost.
• Call quotations, compare prices and prepare bill of quantities to arrive at the tender pricing.
• Involved in cost analysis and contracts administration services.
• Prepare tender documents, tender evaluation reports, variation agreements.
• Monitor budget and keep track of project expenditures.
• Involve in all quantity surveying and contract administration activities for the projects.
• Prepare and submit tenders including quantity taking off and pricing.
• Prepare tender submission and post tender measurement, handle monthly progress claim.
• Prepare letter of award to subcontractors and verify claims and cost control.
• Responsible for claims, variation orders, cost analysis, monitoring and estimation or budget cost for projects
• Obtain subcontractors and suppliers quotation for costing.
• Perform cost comparison.
• Close liaison among project managers, designers and vendors.
• Any other duties and responsibilities that may be assigned from time to time or on ad-hoc basis.

Requirements

• At least 3 year(s) of working experience in Construction Sector is required for this position.
• Candidate must possess at least Bachelor's Degree/Post Graduate Diploma/Professional Degree in Quantity Survey or equivalent.
• Bilingual in English & Mandarin in order to communicate with Chinese speaking counterparts.

1. JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Title

Assistant Quantity Surveyor

Job Description & Requirements

1. Job Title :- Assistant Quantity Surveyor

Job Description & Responsibilities: -

· Handle pre and post evaluation of sub-contractor and supplies quotation.

· Assist with evaluation of tender submission and preparation of tender documents.

· Liaise with project Manager/Designated staff to valuate and certify completed work and arrange for payment.

· Assist in verifying sub-contractor claims.

· Prepare of monthly progress claims submission and payment.

· Carry out contract administration duties.

· Preparing and assist in the Project Final Account settlement.

· Other ad-hoc duties as assigned from time to time.

· Perform Quantity take-off for tendering of projects.

· To prepare BQ, tender document, cost comparison for tender project including source, complies, evaluates etc

· Project administration and documentation include preparation of sub-contract, VO and ensure timely submission of monthly progress claims and final account.

· To handle on-going project and resolve contractual issues with clients/sub-contractor and supplies.

Qualification

· Knowledge of Plumbing/Sanitary and Gas Trade will be an added advantage.

· Possess at least a Professional Certificate or related discipline.

· Proficient in Cad Software and MS office

· Demonstrated good letter writing skills in respect of contract provision and external communication.