Responsibilities

• Able to use primavera 6 and Microsoft project for project scheduling
• Gather pertinent data, perform related calculations and analyse schedule impact, include critical path method (CPM).
• Produce and maintain the good quality work on project schedule, inclusive frequent updating project schedule with physical site progress
• Able develop progress reports, daily, weekly and monthly basis (e.g., overall S-curve, plan vs actual table)
• Proactively engage and communicate with Construction Team on schedule matters for developing quality schedule and updated the status
• Determine project requirements and estimate resources by allocating correct resources such as manpower, materials and equipment.
• Coordinate between interdisciplinary for logical connection among activities.
• Prepare construction schedules, resource and cost loaded with governance of major project milestones stated in the project contract.
• Oversee the master schedule and highlight deviations that critical enough to pay attention to supervisor/project management team.
• Coordinate with Contract Engineer on project progress claims matters.
• Interface with sub-contractors and client’s representative to finalise the baseline schedule.

Requirements

• Candidate must possess at least a Diploma, Advanced/Higher/Graduate Diploma, Bachelor's Degree, Post Graduate Diploma, Professional Degree, Engineering (Civil), Engineering (Electrical/Electronic), Engineering (Mechanical), Engineering (Environmental/Health/Safety), Logistic/Transportation or equivalent.
• At least 4 year(s) of working experience in the related field is required for this position.

Roles & Responsibilities

• Provide technical advice and support for daily operational issues.
• Perform inspections of welding, structural fabrication, and piping systems to ensure compliance with industry standards.
• Review piping isometric drawings and verify that materials meet specifications.
• Coordinate and oversee NDT activities, including radiographic testing (RT), and ensure accurate results through proper witnessing and review.
• Conduct thorough inspections and assessments during plant shutdowns, documenting findings and reporting discrepancies.
• Assist in the development and implementation of quality control procedures.
• Participate in safety meetings and ensure compliance with health and safety regulations.
• Maintain accurate and organized records of inspections, reports, and certifications.
• Collaborate with engineering and construction teams to ensure design specifications are met.

Qualifications:

• Minimum of 3 years of experience in plant inspections or related fields, especially during shutdowns.
• Valid certification in at least one API area (API 510, API 570, or API 653).
• Knowledge and experience in welding inspection, structural fabrication, and piping materials.
• Proficient in MS Office and CAD/CAM software.
• Familiarity with industry standards and codes (e.g., ASME, ASTM).
• Experience with non-destructive testing methods (UT, PT, MT, VT) is a plus.
• Strong communication skills, both written and verbal, for effective collaboration with team members and clients.
• Ability to work in a fast-paced environment and manage multiple priorities.

Job Description & Requirements

• Assist the project manager in planning the project
• Assist the project manager in creating schedule for the construction project
• Supervise construction projects to make sure they meet technical specifications
• Ensure that construction projects are completed within planned cost and time
• Keep accurate records of material and labor costs incurred in the construction process
• Monitor the progress of the construction work and performance of subcontractors at the site
• Hold meetings with site workers and subcontractors on behalf of the project manager
• Convey information about the progress of the project and performance of the contractors to the manager
• Assist the project manager in the procurement of certain materials
• Assist the project manager in hiring and assigning tasks to laborers
• Assist contractors and Engineers in interpreting technical designs
• Educate site workers on safety procedures to be adopted at the site and make sure that they adhere strictly to safety standards
• Report accidents that occur at the construction site to the project manager
• Administer or make sure that first aid is administered to any injured construction worker
• Ensure the smooth day to day operation of work activities at the construction site
• Maintain good relationship with site workers, contractors, and suppliers
• Ensure that any change in project plan is executed by contractors
• Motivate all the participants in the project
• Ensure that the project is executed in compliance with local or state regulations
• Identify any potential problem at the site and work to prevent it.

2. SKILLS

Leadership

Quality Control

Architectural

Drawing

Electrical

Interpreting

Procurement

Compliance

First Aid

Construction Drawings

Team Player

Civil Engineering

Scheduling

Responsibilities:

• To Perform visual and NDT inspection on aircraft components
• To perform system checks of the NDT processes
• Have the skills and knowledge to set up and standardize equipment, process parts, interpret and evaluate for acceptance or rejection and document the results
• Familiar with the scope and limitations of the technique / method which is certified
• Have the skills and knowledge to conduct system performance checks in accordance with the applicable process standard
• Capable of developing work procedures / instructions from process specifications or standards
• Work closely in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures, Data Cards, Process Controls to achieve the highest quality of work.

Requirements:

• NITEC qualification in Engineering or Diploma In Engineering
• Possess NDT Level 2 (ASNT/APCN Aero/NAS 410/En 4179) in ET and PT or MT
• At least 2 years experience in the NDT inspection for aircraft components
• Candidate who passed M10,CO1CAAS paper will be advantage
• Salary range is commensurate with experience
• Candidates must be able to meet near vision & color perception requirement

Performs site engineer responsibilities for

managing all aspects of the construction,

installation, maintenance, and repair of

electrical power lines, electrical systems,

fixtures, apparatus, and appliances.

This individual is responsible for planning,

scheduling, assigning, participating in, and

inspecting the works of power linesmen,

electricians, and trades helpers. The employee

also has responsibility for supervising the

operation of an electrical repair shop. Work

includes the design and construction of

special electrical apparatus and fixtures and

the preparation of specifications and

estimates for construction, repair, and

installation projects. Large scale and complex

jobs are normally inspected upon completion

for conformance with specifications; smaller

jobs are checked for satisfactory operation by

the users of the equipment. Work is

performed under general direction of an

administrative superior and is reviewed

through discussions and inspection of

completed work.

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Plans, assigns, schedules, and supervises the

work of power linesmen, electricians, and

helpers engaged in the construction,

installation, maintenance, and repair of university power lines, electrical systems, fixtures, apparatus, and appliances;

participates in the more difficult work.

Trains and instructs subordinates on detailed

procedures. Conducts periodic inspections and gives onsite

supervision over hazardous or unusual

work assignment is; assures availability of

equipment, materials, and supplies.

Estimates the time and material costs

required for projected jobs; keeps cost and

job records and submits reports; initiates

requisitions for supplies, tools, and

equipment. Troubleshooting of all Electrical &

ELVS PLC Knowledge preferred

Perform & Supervises the installation of all

Electrical & ELVS

Enforces safety regulations, rules, and working

conditions.

Recruits and trains personnel in the safe

operation of equipment and tools.

EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE:-

Degree or Higher ; 4 years of related

experience including site engineer or lead

experience and considerable experience as a

Lead Site Engineer or any equivalent

combination of training and experience.

Excellent communication skills.

KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ABILITIES:-

Thorough knowledge of the practices,

methods, equipment, materials, and tools of

the electrical trade.

Thorough knowledge of the occupational

hazards and safety precautions of the work.

Ability to supervise the work k of skilled

workers.

Considerable knowledge of the National

Electrical Code for electrical installations.

Ability to interpret and work from instructions,

pencilled plans and sketches, and blue prints.

Ability to communicate and coordinate with

superiors, subordinates, vendors and Ability to estimate materials and labour costs.

Skill in the use and care of all hand and shop

tools and equipment of the electrician's trade.

Job Summary: We are seeking a highly organized and detail-oriented Administrative Assistant to provide essential support to our team. The ideal candidate will have excellent communication skills, the ability to prioritize tasks, and a proactive approach to problem-solving. This role is crucial in ensuring smooth office operations and supporting our mission of skill-based excellence.

Key Responsibilities:

• Administrative Support: Provide comprehensive administrative support to ensure efficient office operations, including scheduling meetings, managing calendars, and handling correspondence.
• File Management: Maintain both physical and digital filing systems to ensure accurate record-keeping and easy retrieval of documents.
• Communication: Serve as the main point of contact for internal and external communications, including answering phone calls, responding to emails, and liaising with clients and stakeholders.
• Document Preparation: Draft, edit, and format letters, reports, and presentations using Microsoft Office Suite.
• Meeting Coordination: Organize and coordinate meetings, including preparing agendas, taking minutes, and ensuring all logistics are in place.
• Office Management: Oversee the management of office supplies and equipment, working with vendors and maintenance staff to ensure everything is in good working order.
• Event Planning: Assist with the planning and execution of company events, from small meetings to larger corporate gatherings.
• Data Management: Input, update, and maintain data in company databases and spreadsheets with a high degree of accuracy.
• Confidentiality: Handle sensitive information with discretion, ensuring compliance with company privacy policies and regulations.

The Deputy Contracts Manager reports to the Contracts Manager and assists in all costs and contractual issues in Main Contract as well as Sub-Contracts connected to the project.

A summary of the responsibilities for this position is, and not limited to, as follows:

• Study the tender documents, drawings, specifications, source for suppliers and subcontractors and collate pricing for comparison.
• Prepare tender reports and analyse costings for tender.
• Present the costings to internal stakeholders and put up recommendations.
• Attend tender interviews and answer tender-related queries.
• Establish the Project cost estimation and control procedures
• Control & report Overall Project Construction Costs/Budget
• Project budget forecasting quantity surveying
• Team support to the Project Manager in Contract Management Cost Control.
• Manage contractual matters relating to cost and delays with the client and the subcontractors.
• Review contracts and negotiate commercial terms & conditions.
• Negotiate with consultants and resolve contract issue and dispute management
• Project management involving the supervision of subcontractors, regular site inspections, liaising with clients and consultants to ensure timely completion of the projects.
• Preparation of progress reports, progress charts and interim progress claims.
• Adherence to safety practices in the work place

Requirements

• Degree/Diploma in Quantity Surveying, Building or Civil Engineering
• Minimum 10 years of working experience in tendering, estimating and measurement of quantities.

Scope of works:

1. Project Planning and Scheduling

2.Budget and Cost Management

3. Procurement and Material Management

4. Communication and Coordination with owner and subcon

5. Document Management

6. Site Supervision and Quality Control

7. Reporting and Documentation

8. Closeout and Handover Timely

• Allocate work to labourers according to site construction progress/progress
• Ensure that all installation works are in accordance with the approved construction drawings
• Closely monitor the site progress and report updates to supervisor from time to time
• Workers must be advised to follow all safety rules and regulations until they are working on site
• Knowledge and skills in laying waterproofing membranes in wet areas
• Ability to use power and hand tools to properly cut and shape tiles

Requirements

• Minimum of secondary school or above
• Minimum 4 years of tiling experience in construction projects
• Singapore Class 3 Driving Licence preferred
• Ability to understand and communicate effectively with site workers

Job Description & Requirements

· Plan, execute, monitor and control project as per contractual requirements.

· Liaison with the User, consultants & Authorities on project matters.

· Ensure smooth implementation of work progress so project can be completed on time, within budget and meet contractual & safety standards.

· Manage suppliers and sub-contractors to ensure compliance in terms of QEHS, schedule and cost.

· Monitor construction productivity and provide recommendations for improvement to works.

· Preparation of site progress report and necessary documentation.

· Ensure that all project documentation including emails exchanges are maintained properly.

· Report to top management periodically on status/progress of the project.

· Any other duties assigned by management.

Requirements

- Degree in Building or Civil Engineering (recognised by Professional Engineers Board, Singapore).

- Minimum 8 Years Experience in similar capacity.

- Able to work independently and lead project team.

- Proficient in Microsoft Project and other Microsoft office software.

Job Specifications:

1. Educational Qualifications:Diploma or degree in Drafting, Architecture, Civil Engineering, or a related field.
   Certification in CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software is a plus.
   
2. Experience:Minimum 2-5 years of experience as a draftsperson, preferably in the construction or architectural industry.
   Experience in preparing construction drawings and documentation.
   
3. Technical Skills:Proficiency in drafting software such as AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp, or similar tools.
   Knowledge of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is advantageous.
   Strong understanding of architectural and engineering drawings, standards, and construction methodologies.
   Ability to create detailed 2D and 3D designs.
   Familiarity with materials, structural design, and building codes.
   
4. Key Responsibilities:Prepare detailed architectural and engineering drawings based on specifications and sketches.
   Collaborate with architects, engineers, and project managers to ensure accuracy and compliance with project requirements.
   Modify and revise designs based on client feedback and project needs.
   Maintain and organize all project drawings and documentation.
   Assist in site surveys and measurements to incorporate accurate data into designs.
   
5. Soft Skills:Strong attention to detail and accuracy in work.
   Excellent communication and interpersonal skills for teamwork and client interactions.
   Ability to handle multiple projects and meet tight deadlines.
   Analytical thinking and problem-solving skills.
   
6. Physical and Work Environment Requirements:Ability to work in both office and construction site environments.
   Flexibility to adapt to changing project demands and timelines.
   
7. Additional Requirements:Knowledge of local construction regulations and safety standards.
   Willingness to travel to project sites as needed.
   
8. Preferred Attributes:Creativity and a keen eye for design aesthetics.
   Passion for construction and architecture.
   

Job Description:

• All workplace safety and health matters
• Conduct Inspection and meeting
• Conduct accident/incident investigation
• Plan and organize safety promotion program
• Compile report/minutes/training materials/trend analysis
• Liaison with relevant authorities, client and all others
• Supervision of Workplace Safety and Environment workers
• Administrative and document tasks
• Update of relevant acts and regulations

Job Requirements:

• MOM registered Workplace Safety and Health Officer (WSHO)
• Minimum of 8 years working experience as WSHO in the Construction Industry
• First-Aider Certification an added advantage

Carries Out administrative duties such as filing, typing, copying, binding, scanning etc.;

· Produces and distributes correspondence memos, letters, faxes, and forms;

· Organizes travel arrangements for managers;

· Maintains computer and manual filing systems;

· Takes accurate minutes of meetings;

· Replies to email, telephone or face to face enquiries;

· To be in-charge of receiving, sorting and distributing the mail to support administrative and secretary work

· Develops and updates administrative systems to make them more efficient;

· Oversees and supervises the work of junior staff & coordinates with them;

· Performs any other ad-hoc duties as assigned

Requirements:

· Minimum 1-year experience;

· Knowledge of office management systems and procedures;

· Excellent time management skills and ability to multi-task and prioritize work;

· Attention to detail and problem-solving skills;

· Excellent written and verbal communication skills;

· Strong organizational and planning skills;

· Proficient in MS Office

· (Word, Excel, Power Point, Outlook)

1. Employee Onboarding & Offboarding

- Manage employee onboarding, orientation, and exit formalities.

2. Payroll & Benefits Administration

- Handle payroll processing, leave management, and administer employee benefits such as medical claims and insurance.

3. HR Policy Implementation

- Ensure adherence to company HR policies and assist in updating policies to align with regulations.

4. Training

- Schedule mandatory employee's training, programs, and maintain training records.

5. Employee Records Management

- Maintain and update employee records, personal files, and HR databases, ensuring data accuracy.

6. Office Administration

- Oversee day-to-day office operations, replying to emails, answering phone calls, maintain proper filing and organization of documents, communicating with relevant government agencies

7. Compliance Management

- Ensure adherence to legal requirements, including labor laws (Employment Act, Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, etc.) and company regulations.

8. Employee Relations & Grievances

- Act as a point of contact for employees queries and concerns, fostering a positive work environment and assisting in conflict resolution.

To be responsible for the maintenance and repair of the commotion office, equipment, building, fixtures, and facilities, execution for preventive maintenance, to help the Maintenance supervisor in the day-to-day operation of the Maintenance Department and to perform all preventive, breakdown maintenance, and repair of all M&E services and building works.

Responsibilities:

• Performs repairs and preventative maintenance work to ensure the commotion office maintenance quality standards are achieved and maintained
• Maintain records of maintenance activities in the appropriate logs. To conduct regular electrical regular maintenance and repairs.
• Performs inspections and routine maintenance
• To repair all defects in commotion office and able to identify deficiencies.
• Liaise with the vendor for the schedule arrangement.
• Willingness to work as a team member.

Requirements:Candidate must possess at least WSQ Certificate/Diploma/Advanced/Higher/Graduate Diploma or Degree in Civil Engineering/Structural Engineering/Construction Management or equivalent.
At least 5 Year(s) of working experience in the related field is required for this position.
Prior working experience with Warehouse projects are highly preferred.
Willing to work independently.
Committed and motivated individuals who are meticulous.
Team player and communicate well with others.
Knowledge in Auto-cad and MS office.
Able to work out Rebar schedule is an advantage.
Responsibilities:Experience with Warehouse projects and HDB projects are required for this position.
Able to lead a team of project staff. Appointment of essential staffs.
Ability to oversee the entire process and knowledgeable in project management relating to all operational and administration procedures
Carry out manpower & materials planning, cost control and project documentation
Provide the direction in construction planning, coordinate works with main-contractors, Client and Consultants to ensure overall construction progress based on schedule of works
Ensure timely and smooth progress of works.
Review progress claim application recommended by Contract Department.
Ensure quality of works is achieved and safety & environmental regulations are complied with
Report & investigate injuries, damages & loss incurred.
Good communication skills and able to address site staffs ‘demands and grievances and other issues.
Ensure adequate training is provided to all site staff. Work out site training plan and corporate with HR dept for staff continuous education.

2. SKILLS
ConstructionQuality ControlRisk AssessmentDrawingAdministrationMS OfficeProject ManagementGood Communication SkillsRebarAutoCADTeam PlayerSchedulingCost Control

Job Description

As a Cyber Security Architect, you are responsible to architect, design, review and implement cyber security resilient in our product and projects. You are familiar to cloud security architectures and solutions, making sure the companies can operate in a safe, secure environment. You govern and initiate the security implementation and design in product. You monitor, research, and analyze security risks to mitigate threats and security attacks that may occur to or within the cloud and network. You will implement customized application security assessments for client-based asset risk, corporate policy compliance as well as conduct vulnerability assessment. You should have an advanced understanding of cloud, networking, data traffic flow, system administration, cloud architecture, OSI model, anti-malware, anti-virus, defense-in-depth and common security elements.

Your focus is not only limited to assessing whether vulnerabilities exist but also how those risks could be mitigated but also engage any security noncompliance from initial design stage in solution and cloud architecture level.

Responsibilities

• Develop and build cloud security architectures and solutions
• Product security governance in architecture, database, key management, certification management, cryptography, account management, etc.
• Solution design for product to help reduce attacks on cloud service data storage, create preventative features, and implement corrective controls when breaches do occur
• Monitor, research, and analyze security risks to mitigate threats and security attacks
• Security check and scanning on DevOps of product development
• Regular security and risk assessment for system solutions
• Support on audit trial for security related implementations
• Consultancy on software and tools for security vulnerabilities and risks
• Plan VAPT, execution, result analysis and provide fix recommendation on product development and release procedure.
• Provide guideline such as coding, key management, hardening, patch management, backup management, incident management, etc.
• Familiar to IM8 requirements and CIS, NIST security benchmark.
• Familiar to cyber security tools to perform preliminary scanning.
• Familiar to public cloud infrastructure such as Azure, AWS, GCP and Huawei.

Skills Required

• Strong IT skills and knowledge including cloud, network, hardware, and software
• DevOps procedure and process
• A forensic approach to challenges
• Good coordinator and team worker
• A deep understanding of how hackers work and ability to keep up with the fast pace of change in the criminal cyber-underworld
• Ability to seek out vulnerabilities in IT infrastructures
• Meticulous attention to detail

• Required load and unload material etc
• Maintain material movement record.
• To comply with LTA road safety and traffic regulation and site safety.
• To conduct daily check to ensure vehicle is in good and safe condition/upkeeping of vehicle.
• Valid class 4 driving license and lorry crane operator.
• Prefer ably to start work within short notice.

Job Descriptions

• Strong swimming and diving skills, with the ability to work comfortably and safely in underwater environments.
• Proficiency in using diving equipment, such as masks, fins, regulators, and buoyancy control devices.
• Knowledge of underwater construction techniques, including welding, cutting, and concrete placement.
• Familiarity with underwater inspection and surveying methods, including the use of cameras, sonar systems, and measurement tools.
• Ability to work effectively in a team and follow instructions from supervisors.
• Excellent problem-solving skills, with the ability to troubleshoot issues that may arise during underwater operations.
• Physical stamina and endurance to perform tasks in demanding underwater conditions.
• Strong attention to detail to accurately document findings and report on underwater inspections.
• Good communication skills to effectively communicate with team members and supervisors.
• Knowledge of safety protocols and regulations related to commercial diving.

Job Requirements

• Valid certification as a Commercial Diver from a recognized training institution.
• Minimum of 2 years of experience in commercial diving operations.
• Proficiency in first aid and CPR.
• Ability to pass a physical fitness test and maintain good overall physical health.
• Familiarity with relevant diving regulations and industry standards.
• Knowledge of underwater construction and maintenance techniques.
• Advanced certifications in specialized diving techniques (e.g., underwater welding, inspection) are a plus.
• Experience operating underwater equipment, such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or underwater cameras, is preferred.
• Valid driver's license with a clean driving record.
• Strong references from previous employers or diving instructors.

• Monitoring daily communications and answering any queries.
• Preparing Price list.
• Get a Quotation for the material.
• Working with spreadsheets, sales, and purchase ledgers and journals.
• Recording and filing cash transactions.
• Controlling credit and chasing debt.
• PO processing and filing.
• Processing expense requests for the accountant to approve.
• ORDER MATERIALS
• Liaising with clients and suppliers.
• Updating and maintaining procedural documentation.

Roles & Responsibilities

Job Descriptions

• Prepare project tender submission including bills of quantities, check tender drawing, and material specifications, prepare and submit the P&S plan, shop drawing, & other required documents;
• Prepare and submit monthly progress claims, VO, and finalization of accounts;
• Responsible for measurement of quantities and cost estimation;
• Liaise with Managers, Team Members, Customers, Sub-Contractors, and Suppliers;
• Purchasing and inventory management;
• Administrative tasks and ensure the office runs smoothly and work towards a good place to work for the team;
• Perform other duties as assigned.

Requirements

• Minimum Degree and above in Electrical Engineering or equivalent.
• 1-2 years of working experience in QS or related construction field
• Able to work independently with minimum guidance and under pressure to meet tight schedules.
• Good team player with strong interpersonal and communication skills.
• Proficiency in AutoCAD
• Able to start work immediately is an advantage

Roles & Responsibilities

a) Perform environmental control/enforcement support to the team.

b) Identify any foreseeable risk of pollution arising from the workplace or work processes.

c) Propose practical action to eliminate any foreseeable ill-health, prevention of pollution at workplace.

d) Any other ad hoc duties required or assigned by Management that are relevant to the project.

Requirements

• Registered ECO (NEA)
• At least 2 years of relevant working experience
• knowledge of all relevant environmental policies, legislations, and guidelines, independent, with strong discipline and accountability.

Roles & Responsibilities

· Assist Project Manager and his deputy on day-to-day management, site technical/ engineering matters and authority submissions.

· Prepare method statements, monthly progress claims measurement and reports.

· Co-ordinate with sub-contractors and consultants.

· Ensure that the works are carried out in accordance with the Project Quality & Safety Plan, contract requirements, including drawings and specifications

· Supervise and monitor projects are carried out in accordance to company’s operating procedures, quality standards & contractual specifications.

· Interpret engineering documents and drawings for field personnel

· Ensuring environmental, safety and health practices are carried out at all times.

· Perform other duties / tasks as assigned by immediate superior or Head of department.

Requirements

· Degree in Civil or Structural Engineering recognised by PE Board/ BCA

· Min. 1 year work experience in Civil Engineering projects

· Proficient in MS Office

· Strong and clear communication skills with proven ability to engage others

· Organised, meticulous with positive work attitude

· Able to work independently and a team player

• Install solar panels, brackets, cable crimping, trunking and electrical joints etc.
• Installs and maintains equipment associated with electrical supply such as transformers
• Conducts routine maintenance on the aerial and underground electricity supply networks
• Prepares low and high voltage cable joints and cable terminations, while connecting and installing electrical equipment and overhead lines
• May undertake substation installation and maintenance, and specialised testing and revenue metre installation
• Mobilise ballasts

• Attend to Client’s site surveys, meetings and maintain constant contact/communication regarding project works (In progress and new)
• Work closely with the drafting department to come out with preliminary design (for client’s approval), material take off and cost estimation for the new potential projects
• Carry out cost estimation and prepare quotation for clients
• Overall in charge of project’s delivery schedule, cost control, quality and safety (i.e. ensure that projects are carried out within budget, schedule and with zero rework and safety incident)
• Prepare Risk Assessment for Clients review and approval prior to work start
• Check and ensure proper documentation (such as test packages, as-built drawings etc) are in place prior to project close up
• Ensure overall safety well being of workers in the workshop as well as the on site during project execution
• Attend and participate all Safety Meetings organized by Clients