Total 845 Senior Executive land surveyor job vacancies in Singapore

Job Responsibilities

Pre-Contract Stage:

• Review of scope of work, project Preamble, Drawings and Specifications.
• Responsible for timely and completeness of taking off measurement, and ensure completeness of QS team measurement.
• Compilation and preparation of Tender Queries submission to respective Consultants, and follow up on the reply and ensure all
• information are been updated to all respective parties.
• Obtain, compile, and evaluate quotations from vendors according to tender requirements.
• Prepare quotations to clients, ensure completeness and timely submission of tender bid.

Post Contract Stage:

• Cost Control.
• Cost Estimation.
• Calling of quotation and quotation analysis.
• Prepare Progress Claim and Progress Payment.
• Identify potential claims and Variation Order based on the contract deviation.
• Prepare Main and Sub contract's final accounts.
• Contract Administration.
• Work and establish relationships with all stakeholders.

• Any other related Quantity Surveying Works which is not mentioned above.
• Any other duties as assigned by the Company including but not limited to Tender, Sub-Contract and Main Contract.

Job Requirements

• Diploma or Degree in Quantity Surveying/Building or equivalent.
• Minimum of 5 years of experience in the building construction industry in Singapore, preferably with a Main Contractor.
• Experience in HDB Tender/Project is an advantage but not compulsory.
• Experienced in tendering for projects.
• Proficient computer skills, including advanced proficiency in Excel.
• Skilled in project management software.

Responsibilities:

Source for projects on relevant tender platforms including sesami and gebiz
Develop proposal documents in response to RFP, RFQ and tenders
Produce quantity measurement within targeted timeline
Prepare and call quotations, including analyzing and evaluating for costing of tender
Support to ensure completeness and timely submission of tender bid

Construction

Assist in preparing cost budget, track changes in design/construction work and adjust budget projections accordingly
Review and prepare agreements for award to subcontractors and suppliers
Certify and evaluate progress work done, includes contract administration for variations for both subcontract and main contract works.
Assess and submit monthly progress claim, and recommend subcontractor’s monthly progress payment

Job Responsibilities

Pre-Contract Stage:

• Review of scope of work, project Preamble, Drawings and Specifications.
• Responsible for timely and completeness of taking off measurement, and ensure completeness of QS team measurement.
• Compilation and preparation of Tender Queries submission to respective Consultants, and follow up on the reply and ensure all information are been updated to all respective parties.
• Obtain, compile, and evaluate quotations from vendors according to tender requirements.
• Prepare quotations to clients, ensure completeness and timely submission of tender bid.

Post Contract Stage:

• Cost Control.
• Cost Estimation.
• Calling of quotation and quotation analysis.
• Prepare Progress Claim and Progress Payment.
• Identify potential claims and Variation Order based on the contract deviation.
• Prepare Main and Sub contract's final accounts.
• Contract Administration.
• Work and establish relationships with all stakeholders.

• Any other related Quantity Surveying Works which is not mentioned above.
• Any other duties as assigned by the Company including but not limited to Tender, Sub-Contract and Main Contract.

Job Requirements

• Diploma or Degree in Quantity Surveying/Building or equivalent.
• Minimum of 5 years of experience in the building construction industry in Singapore, preferably with a Main Contractor.
• Experience in HDB Tender/Project is an advantage but not compulsory.
• Experienced in tendering for projects.
• Proficient computer skills, including advanced proficiency in Excel.
• Skilled in project management software.

Required Skills and Qualification

1. Min Degree Holder in quantity surveying, construction management or a related field
2. 3 years and above experience in QS, cost consulting in CE field. Perferable in NPARK, SLA, LTA or HDB (Carpark improvement Works)
3. Sound knowledge of SG Const. Industry practice, regulation and standards
4. Proficiency in cost estimation & Management technigues
5. Familiarty with contract administration and legal aspects
6. Understing general contracting, term key contracting, lump sum contracting
7. Experience and skilled with AUTOCAD and Validing quantities from the given drawing
8. Ability to manage multiple projects simultaneously and prioritise tasks aeffectively
9. Strong analytical and problem solving skills with extraordinary negotiation abilities
10. Strong projects management skills and ability to work under presure

Your Tasks and Rolls

1. Understaing the client requirements and quantoties take off as per marking and RCP drawing
2. Preparing BOQ by studying specification sheets from the projrct manager or director
3. Identifying gaps between BOQ and drawings, specifications and conditions of contracts and taking it for a logical closure
4. Monitor and control costs thru the project, identifying cost-saving opportunities
5. Participation in the pre-tendering activities with client, architect and project manager and raising relevant pre-bid queries from the given tender
6. Preparing the initial quote and contract
7. manage the valuation of work done and handle claims and variations
8. Preparing interm and final valuations, variations and claims of the projrcts

• Responsible for taking off quantities, sourcing sub-contractors & suppliers, pricing and preparation of tender submission.
• Carry out site measurement and evaluate price comparison and costing summary.
• Project administration and documentation including preparation of interim valuations, pricing and agreement of contract variations, update claim submissions, preparation of final accounts.

Requirements:

• Diploma in Quantity Surveying or equivalent.
• At least 4 years working as a Quantity Surveyor in building construction industry.
• Strong knowledge of building condition of contract.

If you are keen to apply for the position, kindly email your detailed resume in MS Word to [email protected]

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

For more job opportunities, please visit our website at www.recruit-expert.com

EA Licence: 19C9701

Registration: R1326740

• Shipping Executive ( land & sea freights)
• 5 days, 8.30 - 6pm, OT Required
• Basic Salary 2800 - $3500 + Attractive Variable Bonus
• Location: Nearby MRT is Bugis or Nicoll Highway MRT

Job Scopes:

• Prepare and handle all shipping documents, custom declaration and permit for import and export, including data compilation for invoices
• Ensure relevant shipping documents are ready and deliver to respective parties such as banks in a timely manner
• Correspondence with customers to ensure smooth and timely shipment delivery
• Ensure relevant supporting certificates are ready by the registration department prior to shipment
• Coordination with freight forwarders to schedule booking, transport & shipping documentation arrangements
• Provide daily customer service to customers or distributors on order follow up and shipping information
• May need to prepare L/C documentation and LC negotiation
• Other Admin and Ad Hoc duties when required.
• Preferably with some Book keeping knowledge

Required skills:

• Experience in import and export documentation and shipping procedures
• Basic Bookkeeping
• Company is doing packaging food and meat trading.

Tong Wei Chin (Reg No.: R24123803)

The Supreme HR Advisory Pte Ltd (EA No: 14C7279)

Job Description:

• Manage team of Junior Quantity Surveyors.
• Monitor project costs to ensure the objectives of the project are achieved in accordance to building contract law.
• Communicate with the management, contractors and sub-contractors on the adjustments to cost estimates to facilitate smooth transition of information.
• Conduct the negotiations during the course of the project in order to ensure issues are resolved.
• Experience in pre & post contract administration.
• Prepare tender cost submission / measurement / quantity take off / cost evaluation in accordance to the building and construction regulations.
• Be responsible for sourcing subcontractors and suppliers.
• Evaluate price comparison and costing summary.
• Responsible for claims, variation orders, budget & cost control.
• Handle issues including the extension of time, terms and conditions, loss and expenses claim.
• Maintenance of project documentation.

Job Requirements:

• Possess a Degree in Quantity Surveying or Building or equivalent.
• Minimum 3-year relevant working experience in a building construction firm.
• Self-motivated and able to work independently in a fast-paced environment and under pressure to meet tight deadlines.
• Have good knowledge of market updates and construction cost trends.
• Experience with managing HDB Projects will be an added bonus.

• Establish client’s requirements and undertake feasibility studies 
• Attend onsite and consultants’ meetings and liaise with clients, architects and associate consultants in the administration of projects 
• Interpret engineering drawings and specifications to calculate project costs 
• Prepare various main building contracts, piling contracts and nominated sub-contracts for tender and contract formalization 
• Measure and take off quantities for architectural and structural work elements 
• Administer pre and post contract and consultancy work 
• Assess variation orders, prepare interim valuations, cost plans and budget studies 
• Compile contract documents for execution 
• Understand and adhere to the statutory building regulations 
• Undertake cost analysis for repair and maintenance of project work 
• Allocate work to subcontractors 
• Analyze outcomes and write detailed progress reports 
• Maintain awareness of different building contracts in current use 
• Valuing completed work and arrange payments 
• Provide advice on contractual claims 

• Establish client’s requirements and undertake feasibility studies 
• Attend onsite and consultants’ meetings and liaise with clients, architects and associate consultants in the administration of projects 
• Interpret engineering drawings and specifications to calculate project costs 
• Prepare various main building contracts, piling contracts and nominated sub-contracts for tender and contract formalization 
• Measure and take off quantities for architectural and structural work elements 
• Administer pre and post contract and consultancy work 
• Assess variation orders, prepare interim valuations, cost plans and budget studies 
• Compile contract documents for execution 
• Understand and adhere to the statutory building regulations 
• Undertake cost analysis for repair and maintenance of project work 
• Allocate work to subcontractors 
• Analyze outcomes and write detailed progress reports 
• Maintain awareness of different building contracts in current use 
• Valuing completed work and arrange payments 
• Provide advice on contractual claims 

ender,quotation,negotiation,estimating,project co-ordination work

Preparation of progress claim

Contract administration

Design co-ordination of all engineering details

Finalization of project accounts

Organizing subcontractors and site staff works

Purchase of materials

Arrangement of equipment

Dealing with Client,Engineers,Architects

Any other duties as and when assigned by the senior Contracts Manager / Contract Manager / Assistant Cotrnact Manager or Project Manager

• Responsible for taking off quantities, sourcing sub-contractors & suppliers, pricing and preparation of tender submission.
• Carry out site measurement and evaluate price comparison and costing summary.
• Project administration and documentation including preparation of interim valuations, pricing and agreement of contract variations, update claim submissions, preparation of final accounts.

Requirements:

• Diploma in Quantity Surveying or equivalent.
• At least 4 years working as a Quantity Surveyor in building construction industry.
• Strong knowledge of building condition of contract.

If you are keen to apply for the position, kindly email your detailed resume in MS Word to [email protected]

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

For more job opportunities, please visit our website at www.recruit-expert.com

EA Licence: 19C9701

Registration: R1326740

Job Description & Requirements

Quantity surveyors as the cost managers of construction. They define their role to span all project phases starting with the preparation of a project's capital expenditure until the operational maintenance and demolition of a facility.

Quantity surveyors are responsible for managing all aspects of the contractual and financial side of construction projects. Quantity surveyors manage the costs on a construction project. They help to ensure that the construction project is completed within its projected budget

• Rice/forecast the cost of the different materials needed for the project
• Prepare tender documents, contracts, budgets, bills of quantities and other documentation
• Track changes to the design and/or construction work and adjust budget projections accordingly
• Procure or agree the services of contractors and/or subcontractors who work on the construction of the project
• Measure and value the work done on site
• Pay subcontractors
• Liaise with the client and other construction professionals, such as site managers, project managers and site engineers
• Select and/or source construction materials
• Write reports.

Requiremnt:

Must need relevant experience at least 3 years

All races welcome.

Degree/Diploma in Building Construction, Quantity Survey or its equivalent

At least 2 years’ experience in representing the Main Contractor/Consultants for high rise building projects in Singapore.

Proven ability in contract negotiation, contract administration & variation orders

Responsibilities

Reports to the Contracts Manager

Take off quantities and prepare costing and budget for tenders and awarded projects

Liaise and establish rapport with consultants, quantity surveyors, architects and developers.

Source for sub-contractors and suppliers and negotiate the best possible price for the company

Certification of claims for subcontractors and suppliers for progress payment and finalization of accounts.

Prepare and analyze cost comparison

Obtaining quotations, liaising and negotiate with sub-contractors and suppliers

Responsible for measuring quantities and taking off

Prepare Variation Orders, claims, final accounts, settlement and sub-contractor payments

All other QS related job

• Conduct accurate quantity take-offs and measurements from architectural and engineering drawings, specifications, and other project documentation.

• Prepare detailed cost estimates for materials, labor, equipment, and other project-related expenses, ensuring adherence to budgetary constraints.

• Collaborate with project teams to analyze and review project plans and identify potential cost-saving opportunities and value engineering options.

• Assist in the preparation and evaluation of tender documents and subcontractor packages.

• Manage and negotiate with subcontractors and suppliers to secure competitive prices and favorable terms for project materials and services.

• Provide expertise in contract administration, including preparing payment certificates, variations, and claims.

• Regularly monitor and report on project costs, highlighting any discrepancies or potential budget overruns.

• Prepare and maintain cost reports, cost forecasts, and cost-to-complete assessments.

• Work closely with other teams, such as architects, engineers, and project managers, to ensure smooth project delivery and cost-effective solutions.

• Comply with all relevant laws, regulations, and industry standards related to quantity surveying and cost management.

• Preparation of shop drawings and technical drawings for submission to consultants/Authority.

• Review shop drawings and technical drawings from subcontractor for submission to consultants/Authority.

• Manages day to day project admin tasks
• Assist engineers in preparation of meeting minutes and consolidating tender returns and tabulation
• Assist the sector leads in preparation bids
• May revise system or schedule as required to ensure timely approvals and distribution.
• Ensures changes to document are completed in a timely fashion in order to meet set deadlines. 
• Responsible for coordination with other parties to make sure document edits are made and proofed.
• Tracks and keeps records of documents. 
• Ensures document tracking and production system is maintained. 
• Prepares and maintains a document control system for all forms of documentation. 
• Makes copies of drawing for production and other company employees. 
• Ensures that all completed documents have been signed-off by the appropriate personnel.
• Implements and follows company quality assurance program procedures.

• Establish client’s requirements and undertake feasibility studies 
• Attend onsite and consultants’ meetings and liaise with clients, architects and associate consultants in the administration of projects 
• Interpret engineering drawings and specifications to calculate project costs 
• Prepare various main building contracts, piling contracts and nominated sub-contracts for tender and contract formalization 
• Measure and take off quantities for architectural and structural work elements 
• Administer pre and post contract and consultancy work 
• Assess variation orders, prepare interim valuations, cost plans and budget studies 
• Compile contract documents for execution 
• Understand and adhere to the statutory building regulations 
• Undertake cost analysis for repair and maintenance of project work 
• Allocate work to subcontractors 
• Analyze outcomes and write detailed progress reports 
• Maintain awareness of different building contracts in current use 
• Valuing completed work and arrange payments 
• Provide advice on contractual claims 

Risk Advisory Support

• Supports business stakeholders in identification of risks and opportunities.
• Highlights potential risks/ missing risks not considered by business stakeholders, including counter-proposing alternate mitigation controls (if needed).

Corporate Assurance Support

On a routine basis:

• Conducts periodic review of ERM and BCM framework, methodologies, policies, and processes.
• Identifies risks at the corporate level to align with SingLand's mission and organisational priorities.
• Provides admin support, including consolidating information, coordinating meetings, drafting presentations used for management level and/or Audit Risk Committee (ARC) meetings.
• Liaises with risk owner(s) to refresh risk register, report their assigned risks, controls and Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) as part of the ERM process.

On an ad-hoc basis:

• Conducts/ supports engagement sessions (including training) with risk owners and sub-owners.
• Reviews processes/ past incidents/audit findings to gain insights and/ or learning points and propose solutions.

Training for new joiners and/ or existing employees.

• Customises or develops training materials.
• Conducts training if necessary.

Others

• Provides admin support to Data Privacy and Protection function, if needed.

Requirements:

• Degree in Business Administration or equivalent.
• Minimum 5 years’ working experience, of which at least 2 years’ experience in risk management.
• Meticulous and have an eye for details.
• Positive learning attitude, critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Able to work independently as well as within a team.
• Excellent verbal and written communication skills.
• Proficient in MS Office (word, excel, powerpoint).

Quantity Surveyor:

- Reporting to Project Manager / Deputy Project Manager(Commercial) /Commercial manager of Commercial Department

- Responsible for local resource research and prepare research report on two weeks basis.

- Responsible for editing of bidding documents and contract documents, Contract negotiation, clarification work.

- Responsible for tendering of project subcontracting.

- Responsible for local subcontract price research and analysis and prepare report on two weeks basis.

- Responsible for communication with local subcontractors.

- Responsible for Commercial work related report statistics.

- Responsible for settlement with owners and subcontractors

- Project Commercial management related work.

- Other works arranged by the Company.

Requirements :

- Must possess min 3 years of Quantity Surveyor experience with Degree in Civil Engineering recognized or Engineering budget management, with more than two years of practical experience in Singapore Budget.

- Must possess all the training certificates required on a Contract Manager.

- Able to start work on short notice will be an advantage.

Job Description:

• Manage and prepare the measurements and cost estimates for the construction projects from initial calculations to the final accounts.
• Prepare tender and contract documents, including bills of quantities.
• Evaluate tenders from contractors and subcontractors and, where appropriate, negotiate with the contractors.
• Prepare contract documents in accordance to the regulations.
• Prepare cost analysis and monitor project overruns to ensure the objectives of the project is achieved.
• Access payment and variation works to client and subcontractors to facilitate the smooth workflow process.
• Communicate with the client, management, sub-contractors and keeps track of the progression of both main contract and sub-contract.
• Monitor and keep track of project progress and are responsible for the measurement and valuation of variations in the work during the contract, for agreement of interim payments and the final account.
• Perform all duties in accordance with CCCC policies, processes, systems and procedures.
• Any other adhoc tasks assigned by superior.

Job Requirements:

• Bachelor's Degree in Quantity Survey or equivalent.
• More than 4 years of working experience in the related field is required for this position.
• Acquired with both civils and architectural knowledges is preferable.
• Good communication and negotiation skills.
• Experience in LTA project, or similar scale, complexity and nature of work will be advantages.
• 5.5days work week

• Responsible for taking off quantities, sourcing sub-contractors & suppliers, pricing and preparation of tender submission.
• Carry out site measurement and evaluate price comparison and costing summary.
• Project administration and documentation including preparation of interim valuations, pricing and agreement of contract variations, update claim submissions, preparation of final accounts.

Requirements:

• Diploma in Quantity Surveying or equivalent.
• At least 4 years working as a Quantity Surveyor in building construction industry.
• Strong knowledge of building condition of contract.

If you are keen to apply for the position, kindly email your detailed resume in MS Word to [email protected]

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

For more job opportunities, please visit our website at www.recruit-expert.com

EA Licence: 19C9701

Registration: R1326740

Job Description

• Industry/ Organization Type: Building Contractor
• Position Title: Senior Quantity Surveyor
• Working Location: Mandai Estate
• Working Hours: 5 Days (Mon - Fri, 8.30 am – 5.30 pm)
• Salary Package: Basic Salary + Variable Bonus
• Duration: Permanent

Key Responsibilities

• Develop detailed cost estimates, budgets, and feasibility studies for construction projects during the pre-contract stage.
• Prepare and review tender documents, including bills of quantities, specifications, and cost schedules.
• Provide advice on contractual matters and contract documentation to ensure favorable terms for the company.
• Liaise with subcontractors and suppliers to obtain quotations.
• Manage procurement processes by implementing effective strategies to ensure timely and cost-effective acquisition of materials and services.
• Monitor and control project costs, ensuring alignment with budgetary constraints and financial goals.
• Perform other tasks as assigned by management to ensure project success.

APPLY NOW!!!

• Minimum Diploma in Building Construction, QS or equivalent.
• Minimum 3 years of relevant working experience in quantity surveying (Preferably for renovation and A&A works).
• Possess knowledge of local forms of contracts (i.e. PSSCOC, SIA & etc.).
• Proficient in MS Office applications.
• Strong organizational and communication skills.

Kindly apply through ANY of the following methods:

• Submit your application by clicking the APPLY button;
• Email your resume to Job(at)anradus.com.sg. Kindly indicate #67143 on the email subject.

Anradus Application Policy: We value each application and ensure every resume is reviewed. Our process is efficient, typically concluding within 3 working days. If you do not receive communication from us within this timeframe, it's likely that your application has not been shortlisted by our client. In such cases, we recommend continuing your job search to maximize your opportunities.

Anradus Pte Ltd | EA License No. 20C0161 | Angel Lim | EA Reg No.: R1769781

Job Description:

• Manage and prepare the measurements and cost estimates for the construction projects from initial calculations to the final accounts.
• Prepare tender and contract documents, including bills of quantities.
• Evaluate tenders from contractors and subcontractors and, where appropriate, negotiate with the contractors.
• Prepare contract documents in accordance to the regulations.
• Prepare cost analysis and monitor project overruns to ensure the objectives of the project is achieved.
• Access payment and variation works to client and subcontractors to facilitate the smooth workflow process.
• Communicate with the client, management, sub-contractors and keeps track of the progression of both main contract and sub-contract.
• Monitor and keep track of project progress and are responsible for the measurement and valuation of variations in the work during the contract, for agreement of interim payments and the final account.
• Perform all duties in accordance with CCCC policies, processes, systems and procedures.
• Any other adhoc tasks assigned by superior.

Job Requirements:

• Bachelor's Degree in Quantity Survey or equivalent.
• More than 3 years of working experience in the related field is required for this position.
• Acquired with both civils and architectural knowledges is preferable.
• Good communication and negotiation skills.
• Experience in LTA project, or similar scale, complexity and nature of work will be advantages.
• 5.5days work week

Job Description

• Industry/ Organization Type: Building Contractor
• Position Title: Senior Quantity Surveyor
• Working Location: Mandai Estate
• Working Hours: 5 Days (Mon - Fri, 8.30 am – 5.30 pm)
• Salary Package: Basic Salary + Variable Bonus
• Duration: Permanent

Key Responsibilities

• Develop detailed cost estimates, budgets, and feasibility studies for construction projects during the pre-contract stage.
• Prepare and review tender documents, including bills of quantities, specifications, and cost schedules.
• Provide advice on contractual matters and contract documentation to ensure favorable terms for the company.
• Liaise with subcontractors and suppliers to obtain quotations.
• Manage procurement processes by implementing effective strategies to ensure timely and cost-effective acquisition of materials and services.
• Monitor and control project costs, ensuring alignment with budgetary constraints and financial goals.
• Perform other tasks as assigned by management to ensure project success.

APPLY NOW!!!

• Minimum Diploma in Building Construction, QS or equivalent.
• Minimum 3 years of relevant working experience in quantity surveying (Preferably for renovation and A&A works).
• Possess knowledge of local forms of contracts (i.e. PSSCOC, SIA & etc.).
• Proficient in MS Office applications.
• Strong organizational and communication skills.

Kindly apply through ANY of the following methods:

• Submit your application by clicking the APPLY button;
• Email your resume to Job(at)anradus.com.sg. Kindly indicate #67143 on the email subject.

Anradus Application Policy: We value each application and ensure every resume is reviewed. Our process is efficient, typically concluding within 3 working days. If you do not receive communication from us within this timeframe, it's likely that your application has not been shortlisted by our client. In such cases, we recommend continuing your job search to maximize your opportunities.

Anradus Pte Ltd | EA License No. 20C0161 | Angel Lim | EA Reg No.: R1769781

• Responsible for taking off quantities, sourcing sub-contractors & suppliers, pricing and preparation of tender submission.
• Carry out site measurement and evaluate price comparison and costing summary.
• Project administration and documentation including preparation of interim valuations, pricing and agreement of contract variations, update claim submissions, preparation of final accounts.

Requirements:

• Diploma in Quantity Surveying or equivalent.
• At least 4 years working as a Quantity Surveyor in building construction industry.
• Strong knowledge of building condition of contract.

If you are keen to apply for the position, kindly email your detailed resume in MS Word to [email protected]

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

For more job opportunities, please visit our website at www.recruit-expert.com

EA Licence: 19C9701

Registration: R1326740

Job Description

• Involved in tendering exercise right up to completion to select bidders, preparation of tender documents and tender submission as well as contract award.
• Pre and post tender/contract negotiation, administration, and monitoring.
• Price and forecast the cost of different materials required for the project.
• Contacting and liaising with site managers, clients, contractors, and subcontractors.
• Reviewing construction plans and preparing quantity requirements.
• Preparing reports, analyses, contracts, budgets, risk assessment, and other documents.
• Establishing and maintaining professional relationships with external and internal stakeholders.
• Assessment and preparation of contract variation orders, claims, cost studies, final accounts consolidation.
• To follow up on monthly progress claims in a timely manner.
• Liaise closely with project sites for related claims.
• Attend project meetings and tender interviews.
• Traveling from the office to various sites as required.

Job Requirements

• Min relevant Degree or equivalent.
• Minimum 5 year relevant working experience in Building Construction.
• Good team player, self-driven and able to work in a fast-paced environment.
• Positive work attitude.
• Good interpersonal and supervisory skills.